BULL. 30] 



TONKAWA 



779 



Mayeye, Yalwal). The Yojuane and Ma- 

 yeye were apparently in part absorbed by 

 the Tonkawain the latter part of the 18th 

 centiirv. The Yakwal (Yakawana), re- 



TONKAWA MAN 



membered in Tonkawa tradition (Gat- 

 si'het, op. cit.), were very probably the 

 Yojiiane. There was, besides these, a 

 large group of lesser tribes on the border 

 between theTonkawan andCoahuiltecan 

 territories, notably the Sana, Eniet, Cavas, 

 Toho, and Tohaha, who, we are told in 

 positive terms by oomi)etent early wit- 

 nesses, did not speak the Coahuiltecan 

 language. There is strong probability 

 that a study of the surviving fragments of 

 their language will prove them also to 

 have been Tonkawan (see N(U(/r). Some 

 of the traditions of the Tonkawa point 

 to an early residence on the (iulf coast, 

 l)ut their language does not bear the 

 marks of such a birthplace. 



Until the 19th century the Tonkawa 

 were almost always hostile to the iJpan 

 and other Apache tribes, and this fact 

 kept them generally at peace with the 

 Comanche, Wichita, and Hasinai, whom 

 they often joined in Apache wars. They 

 were usually frientlly also with the 

 Bidai, Arkokisa, and Xaraname (Ara- 

 nama) to the s., and with the numerous 

 Coahuiltecan tril)es to the s. w. Rela- 

 tions with the Comanche and Wichita 

 were frequently strained, however, even 

 during this period. In the 19th century 

 relations with these groups were reversed, 

 the Tonkawa then being usually friendly 

 with the Lipan and hostile toward the 



Comanche and Wichita. When, about 

 1790, the Apache effected an alliance 

 with the Bidai, Arkokisa, and Attacajia, 

 the Tonkawa were brought into hostile 

 relations with these tribes (Gil Ybarboto 

 Gov. Mufioz, Mar. 22 and Apr. 26, 1791, 

 ;MS. in Bexar Archives). 



Relations vitJi, French and Spanish. — In 

 1691 Francisco de Jesus Jlan'a unmistak- 

 ably included this tribe and their asso- 

 ciates, the Yojuane, in his list of enemies 

 of the Hasinai, writing the names "Tan- 

 quaav" and "Diujuan" (Relaciun, Aug. 

 15, 1691, MS.). The Tonkawa seem not 

 to be mentioned again until 1719, but the 

 Yojuane appear in the interim, when, 

 about 1714 (the chronology is not clear), 

 they destroyed the main tire temple of the 

 Hasinai (Espinosa, Chronica Apostolica, 

 424, 1746; see also Dictameu Fiscal, 1716, 

 in Mem. de Nueva Espana, xxvii, 193). 

 To the French the Tonkawa became defi- 

 nitely known through La Harpe's expe- 

 dition of 1719. His lieutenant, Du Ri- 

 vage, reported that 70 leagues up Red r. 

 from the Kadohadacho he met several 

 tribes, which he called respectively the 

 Tancaoye, Joy van (Yojuan), Quidehais 

 (Kichai?), Naouydiches (Nabedache?), 

 Huanchane, and lluane. They were wan- 

 derers, following the buffalo for a living. 

 Famous warriors all, the "Tancaoye" 

 were the most renowned, and their chiefs 



TONKAWA WOMAN 



bore many battle scars. They were just 

 returning from a war with the Apache, 

 which fact, together with the tribal 

 names given, makes it seem probable that 



