782 



TONKAWA 



[b. a. e. 



now made by the Spaniards to the policy 

 of assansination. After much intriguing 

 and waiting, Ei Mocho was taken una- 

 wares on July 12, 1784, and murdered in 

 the plaza at Bahia (Goliad), a place fated 

 to be in later days the scene of other 

 equally atrocious deeds. It is to be 

 remarked that for the story of these dark 

 dealings of both the Spanish authorities 

 and their enemy we have only the re- 

 ports, entirely candid, of the former ( Ca- 

 zorla, Capt. of Bahia, to Cabello, July 12, 

 1784, Archivo General, Hist., vol. c; 

 Cabello to Neve, July 15, ibid.). 



The removal of El Mocho was justified 

 by subsequent events. By June, 1785, 

 Courbiere was able to report that the new 

 Tonkawa chief had established a perma- 

 nent village on Navasota r. ; and during 

 the next 10 years "the village of the 

 Tancagues" was referred to as though it 

 were a fixed and definite entity. But 

 thereafter the tribe was usually described 

 as wanderers; thereafter, likewise, they 

 were alternately at peace and at war with 

 the Spaniards (Cabello to Rengel, June 

 7, 1785, Bexar Archives; Gil Ybarbo to 

 Governor Mufioz, Mar. 22 and Apr. 26, 

 1791, Bexar Archives; Leal, Noticia, July 

 10, 1794, Bexar Archives). 



Popitlation; Recent History/. — A junta 

 held at Bexar, Jan. 5, 1778, estimated the 

 Tonkawa at 300 warriors. In April of 

 that year Mezieres, when on his second 

 visit "to the tribe, gave the same figure, 

 including some apostate Xaraname ( Ara- 

 nama). In Sept., 1779, when again at 

 their settlement, he reported that since 

 the recent epidenuc of smallpox there 

 remained 150 warriors. Three years later 

 a spy who spent several days at a gath- 

 ering of Apache and Tonkawa on Guad- 

 alupe r. reported that only 600 Tonkawa 

 were present, the rest having remained 

 at home. If he told the truth, he could 

 hardly have meant that these were all 

 warriors. Sibley in 1805 gave their 

 strength at 200 men; Davenport, about 

 1809, placed it at 250 families, and Tertin, 

 1828, at 80 families. In 1847 the official 

 estimate was 150 men (see Cabello, In- 

 form e, 1784, 12, 63; Mezieres, Letters to 

 Croix, Apr. 5, 1778, and Sept. 13, 1779, 

 in Mem. de Nueva Espana, xxviii, 272, 

 246; Sibley, op. cit. ; Davenport, Noticia, 

 ca. 1809, MS. in Archivo Gen.; Teriin, 

 Noticia, 1828, in Bol. Soc. Geog. Mex., 

 266, 1870). In the fall of 1855 the Gov- 

 ernment settled them, together with the 

 Caddo, Kichai, Waco, Tavvakoni, and 

 Penateka Comanche, upon two small res- 

 ervations on the Clear Fork of Brazos r., 

 Texas. In consequence of the violent 

 opposition of the Texans, culminating in 

 an attack upon the agency, the Indians 

 were removed in 1 857 to Washita r. , Okla. , 

 the Tonkawa being temporarily camped 

 about the mouth of Tonkawa cr., just 



above the present Anadarko. In the 

 confusion brought about by the civil 

 war the other tribes saw an opportunity 

 to pay off old scores against the Tonkawa, 

 who were generally hated for their can- 

 nibalistic practices as well as for serving 

 as government scouts against the more 

 western tribes. On the excuse that the 

 Tonkawa and their agent were in alliance 

 with the Confederacy, a body of Dela- 

 wares, Shawnee, and Caddo attacked the 

 Anadarko agency and the Tonkawa camp 

 on the night of Oct. 25, 1862, killing two 

 of the agency employees and massacring 

 137 men, women, and children out of a 

 total of about 300 of the Tonkawa tribe. 

 The survivors, after some years of miser- 

 able wandering, were finally gathered in 

 at Ft Griffin, Texas, to save them from 

 complete extermination by their ene- 

 mies. In 1884 all that were left — 92, 

 including a number of Lipan — were re- 

 moved to Oklahoma, being assigned the 

 next year to their present location at 

 Oakland agency, near Ponca. In 1908 

 they numbered but 48, including several 

 intermarried Lipan. 



The Tonkawa remember a number of 

 subdivisions, which seem to have been 

 subtribes rather than gentes, as follows: 

 Awash, Clioyopan, Haiwal, Hatchukuni, 

 Kwesh, Niliiawai, Ninchopan, Pakani, 

 Pakhalatch (see Fajalat), Sanukh, Talp- 

 kweyu, Titskaiiwatichatak. (h. e. b. ) 

 Fou-ka-was.— Ind. Aff. Rep., 263, 1851. Jancas.— 

 Baptismal ree. San Antonio de Valero mission, 

 ISth cent. Kadiko— Gatschet, MS.. B. A. E., 1884 

 (Kiowa name; probably corruption of Ku-ikogo, 

 'man-eating men ' ) . Kankaways. — Maillard, Hist. 

 Tex., 238, 1842. Kariko.— Gatschet, MS., B. A. E., 

 1884 (Comanche name: si.tr. 'cannibals,' from 

 Kiowa Kddiko). K'inahi-piako. — Mooney in 17th 

 Rep. B. A. K., I, 411, 1898 ('man-eaters': Kiowa 

 name). Komkome.— .Toutel (1687) in Margry, D6c., 

 111,288, 1878. Konkone.— Shea, note in Charlevoix, 

 New Fr , iv, 78, 1870. Konkone.— Joutel (1687) 

 in French, Hist. Coll. La., i, 152, 1846. Korkone.— 

 Ibid., 137. Long-wha.— Sen. Ex. Conf. Doc. 13, 

 29th Cong., 1st se.'^s., 1, 1846. Macanas.— Bancroft, 

 No. Mex.' Slates, I, 661, 1886 (misprint). Man-eat- 

 ers.— BoUaert in Jour. Ethnol. Soc. Lond., ll, 275, 

 1850 (trans.of Lipanname). Miuxsen.— Gatschet, 

 Tonkawa MS., B. A. E., 1S,S4 (Cheyenne name). 

 Nemerexka.— Gatschet, Comanche MS^, B. A. E. 

 ('men-eaters': Comanche name). Nimeteka. — ten 

 Kate, Reizen in N. Am., 383, 1885 ('man-eaters': 

 Comanche name). Sonkawas. — Parker, Am. Ind. 

 W^omanhood, 7, 1892. Tancaguas.— Morfi, Mem. 

 Hist. Texas, bk. ii,cc7. 1782. Tancagueis.— Barrios: 

 Informe, 1772, MS. in Archivo Gen. Tancagues. — 

 Mezieres (1778) quoted by Bancroft, No. Mex. 

 States, I, 661, 1886. Tancaguez.— Courbiere, Rela- 

 eion, 1791, MS. in B^xar Archives. Tancaguies. — 

 De Soto Vermudez, InvestiKation, 1752, MS. in 

 Archivo Gen. Tancahuas. — Whiting in Rep. Sec. 

 War, 242, 18.50. Tancahues.— Doc. 155 (1792) in Tex. 

 State Arch. Tancahuos,— Davenport, Noticia, ca. 

 1809, MS. in Archivo Gen. Tancamas,— MS. of 

 1740 in Mem. de Nueva Espaiia, xxvni, 203. Tan- 

 canes.— Ybarbo to Cabello, Dec. 7, 1778, MS. in 

 Archivo Gen. Tancaouay. — Robin, Voy. La., in, 

 5, 1807. Tancaoves,— Ripperd.l, letter of Apr. 27, 

 1777, MS. in Mem. de Nueva Espana, xxvni, 225. 

 Tancaoye.— La Harpo (1719) in Margry, D6c., vi, 

 277, 1886. Tancards.— Pike, Trav., 319, 1811. Tan- 

 cases.— Fr. Ganzabal, letter, 1748, MS. in Mem. 

 de Nueva Espaiia, xxvni, 71. Tancaveys.— Me- 

 zieres, Rel., 1770, MS. in Archivo Gen. Tanco- 

 ways.— Whipple, Pac. R. R. Rep., ill, pt. 3, 76, 1856. 



