802 



TEA V EL TRA VOIS 



[b. a. b. 



whole pack and drove them to destroy 

 one another. See FisJiing, Hunting. 



Consult Mason in Sraithson. Rep. 1901, 

 461-73, 1902, and authorities cit^d; Stites, 

 Economics of the Iroquois, 1905; Boas, 

 Murdoch, Nelson, Turner, and others in 

 the Reports of the Bureau of American 

 Ethnology; Niblack in Nat. Mus. Rep. 

 1888, 294, 1890. (o. t. m.) 



Travel. The North American Indian 

 had poor facilities for getting about on 

 land. The Arctic peoples, however, with 

 their sleds and dogs, may be said to have 

 been pioneers of fast travel. Of such 

 great and universal use was this method 

 of locomotion among them that before 

 their language became differentiated into 

 dialects that rendered them unintelligi- 

 ble one to another they had covered the 

 entire Arctic coast from e. Greenland to 

 Siberia. The Algonquian tribes of north- 

 ern Canada, together with the Athapas- 

 cans in the Mackenzie r. country, also 

 used the dog and sled for transportation 

 and travel. South of this region the 

 tribes had everywhere to walk until the 

 Spaniard introduced the horse. The 

 Indians were not discouraged by the lack 

 of beasts of burden. They had covered 

 the entire continent with a network of 

 trails, over which they ran long dis- 

 tances with phenomenal speed and en- 

 durance; the Tarahumare mail carrier 

 from Chihuahua to Batopilas, Mexico, 

 runs regularly more than 500 m. a week; 

 a Hopi messenger has been known to 

 run 120 m. in 15 hours; and there are 

 many instances of journeys extending 

 over months or years, involving great 

 hardship. It is most probable that the 

 narrow highways alluded to were first 

 laid down in the food quest. The ani- 

 mals that were wanted knew where were 

 the best feeding grounds and supplies of 

 water, and the Indians had only to fol- 

 low the paths already made by the game 

 to establish the earliest roads. Hulbert 

 in his "Historic Highways of America" 

 traces the trails followed by the Indians 

 in their migrations and their ordinary 

 trade routes, especially those of the 

 mound-builders, and he gives lists, espe- 

 cially of the trails in the Ohio valley, 

 where these mounds were most abundant. 

 The range of the buffalo afforded espe- 

 cially favorable routes. The portages 

 across country between the watersheds 

 of the different rivers became beaten 

 paths. The Athapascan Indians were 

 noted travelers; so also were the Siouan 

 and other tribes of the Great Plains, and 

 to a smaller degree the Muskhogean, 

 while the Algonquian tribes journeyed 

 from the extreme e. of the United States 

 to Montana in the w., and from the 

 headwaters of the Saskatchewan to the 

 Gulf of Mexico. Evidences of such 



movements are found in the ancient 

 graves, as copper from L. Michigan, 

 shells from the Atlantic ocean and the 

 Gulf of Mexico, and stone implements 

 from various quarters. Pipes of catlinite 

 (q. V.) are widely distributed in the 

 graves and mounds. These articles show 

 that active trade was going on o\er a wide 

 region. There is good evidence that the 

 men engaged in this trade had certain 

 immunities and privileges, in so far as 

 the pipestone quarry was on once neutral 

 ground. They were free from attack, and 

 were allowed to go from one tribe to an- 

 other unimpeded. See Boats, Commerce, 

 Fur trade, Sledges, Snow-shoes, Trails and 

 Trade Routes, Travois. 



Consult Friederici, Die Schiffahrt der 

 Indianer, 1907; Mason in Rep. Nat. 

 Mus. 1894, 1896, and the authorities cited 

 under the above captions. (o. t. m. ) 



Traverse de Sioux. The local designa- 

 tion of a part of the Sisseton Sioux for- 

 merly living on Minnesota r., Minn., and 

 taking their name from a trading post on 

 that stream, above St Peter. 



Travertin. See Gypsum, Marble. 



Travois. A sort of sledge or litter, drawn 

 by a single dog or horse, formerly in com- 

 mon use among the Plains tribes. The 

 name, usually pronounced trav-oy, is the 



DAKOTA TRAVOIS 



French Canadian term for the shafts of a 

 vehicle, and is a derivation from the older 

 Latin word signifying a brake or shackle. 

 The travois was sometimes specially con- 

 structed for the purpose, particularly in 

 the case of the smaller ones intended to 

 be drawn by dogs, but was more fre- 

 quently a temporary combination of tipi 

 poles and tipi cover while moving camp. 

 When it had been decided to move, and 

 the tipis had been taken down, the poles 

 of each tipi were tied into 2 bunches of 

 about 10 poles each by means of rawhide 

 ropes passed through holes already bored 

 for the purpose through their upper ends. 

 These were then bound on each side of 

 the horse with a rope passing in front of 

 the saddle in such a way that the upper 



