820 



TROPHIES TSAGANHA 



[B. A. B. 



Trophies. The North American Indians 

 preserved and frequently wore as an 

 adjunct of costume the tails, claws, paws, 

 teeth, horns, feathers, pelts, and other 

 parts of the animals that they killed. 

 Somewhat less frequently scalps, skulls, 

 fingers, hands, arms, skins, hearts, teeth, 

 and other parts of the human body, nearly 

 always taken from the enemies belonging 

 to alien tribes, were preserved in a similar 

 manner. 



As for the signification of such trophies, 

 whose use is not peculiar to any single 

 people or time, the explanation is not 

 simple. The purposes of trophies may 

 be arranged in the order of their com- 

 plexity as follows: (1) ornaments; (2) 

 proofs of skill and prowess; (3) records 

 of events in chase or war; (4) tokens of 

 blood revenge; (5) fetishes, which may 

 be the property of special persons, as 

 sorcerers and medicine-men, or of socie- 

 ties, fraternities, or tribes. In no case 

 does the trophj' rise higher in the scale 

 than fetishism. 



Among the ancient Pueblo Indians 

 trophies made of the jaws of animals 

 were used. These were frequently sec- 

 tions cut from the jaw of the mountain 

 lion and pierced for suspension, or the 

 whole lower jaw of a deer decorated with 

 bands of red paint. In one grave was 

 found the skull of a dog, polished from 

 long use. 



Bear-claw necklaces were frequently 

 worn as trophies by the Indians of the 

 United States. The Cree of the Hudson 

 bay region wore as a trophy the lip of the 

 black bear, which was preserved, dressed, 

 and ornamented with beads and strips of 

 cloth. The Hopi of Arizona wore the 

 paws of the porcupine. There were in- 

 numerable other kinds of trophies. 



The western Eskimo introduced the 

 trophy into art, engraving representa- 

 tions of skins, heads, or tails of animals 

 killed in the chase on ivory drill-bows, 

 bag handles, etc. Necklaces of human 

 fingers and trophies of hands and limbs 

 have been found among the Cheyenne, 

 Apache, Navaho (?), Ute, Shoshoni, 

 Chippewa, Sioux, some California tribes, 

 the Virginia Indians, Mohawk, Caddo, 

 Florida tribes, and others. A necklace 

 composed of 8 left-hand middle fingers, 

 5 pouches made of human scrota, arrow- 

 heads, glass and wampum beads, and 

 fetishes cut from stone, captured by 

 Gen. Crook in 1876 from the Cheyenne 

 medicine-man Tall Wolf, are in the U. S. 

 National Museum, as are also two neck- 

 laces consisting of the nails and first joints 

 of human fingers, fastened to a beaded 

 band of leather, from the Apache and the 

 Ute. The medicine-men possessed a 

 majority of the trophies preserved among 

 the Indians and employed them for their 



supposed magic power. Some trophies, 

 however, such as scalps, were tribal 

 medicine. See Bourke in 9th Rep. B. A. 

 E., 480-89, 1892; Hrdlicka in Am. An- 

 thr., X, 288, 1908; Friederici, (1) Skal- 

 pieren, 1906, (2) in Smithson. Eep. 1906, 

 423,1907. (w. H.) 



Trotsikkutcliin ( ' people of the fork of the 

 river ' ). A Kutchin tribe on Yukon and 

 Stewart rs. , Yukon territory, extending up 

 the latter stream to the mouth of Beaver 

 r., where they meet the Esbataottine, to 

 whom they are hostile. They are said to 

 spear salmon in the shoals of the Y'ukon. 

 Ross described their songs as more musical 

 than those of any other northern Indians. 



Kampart Indians. — Ross, notes on Tinne, B. A. E. 

 Tathzey-kutchi.— Richardson, Arct. Exped.,I, 398, 

 1851 ('rampart people'). Tathzey-kutshi. — La- 

 tham, Nat. Races Russ. Emp., 293, 18.54 (includes 

 Kutchakutrhin, Hankutchin, and Tutchoneku- 

 tchin). Tatzei-kutshi. — Latham in Trans. Philol. 

 Soc. Lond., 67, 1856. Tin'-zit Kutch'-in.— Ross, 

 notes on Tinne, B. A. E. ('people of the ram- 

 parts ' ). T'kitske. — Whymper, Travels in Alaska, 

 map, 1869. Tlagga-silla.— Richardson, Arct. Ex- 

 ped., I, 399, 1851 ('little dogs'). To-tshik-o-tin.— 

 Dawson in Rep. Geol. Surv. Can. 18S7, 202b, 1889. 

 Tran-jik-koo-chin. — Hardistv in Smithson. Rep. for 

 1866, 311, 1872. Tratse-kutshi.— Latham, .Nat. 

 Races Russ. Emp., 293, 1854. Tro'-tsxk kutch'-in.— 

 Ross, notes on Tinne, B. A. E. Tsces-tsieg-Kut- 

 tchin.— Petitot, Diet. Dene-Dindji^, xx, 1876. 

 Tipper Gens du fou. — Ross, notes on Tinne, MS., 

 B. A. E. 



Tructa. A village, presumably Costa- 

 noan, formerly connected with San Juan 

 Bautista mission, Cal. — Engelhardt, Fran- 

 ciscans in Cal., 398, 1897. 



Trula. Mentioned as a pueblo of the 

 province of Atripuy (q. v. ), in the region 

 of the lower Rio Grande, N. Mex., in 

 1598.— Onate (1598) in Doc. Ined., xvi, 

 115, 1871. 



Trusiachic {trim, a kind of herb; chik, 

 'place of ' ). A small Tarahumare ranche- 

 ria not far from Norogachic, Chihuahua, 

 Mexico. — Lumholtz, inf'n, 1894. 



Tsaeqalalis ( Tsaeqalalis). The name of 

 an ancestor of a Koskimo gens; also 

 applied to the gens itself. — Boas in Peter- 

 mannsMitteil., pt. 5, 131, 1887. 



Tsaganha. An Iroquoian term, having 

 here the phonetics of the Onondaga dia- 

 lect, and freely rendered, ' One utters 

 unintelligible speech,' and so approxi- 

 mately synonymous with 'alien,' 'for- 

 eigner.' Its literal meaning is ' one rolls 

 (or purls) one's mouth (speech).' This 

 term was applied to the several Algon- 

 quian tribes dwelling e. and , s. of the 

 Iroquois in widely separated localities; 

 the Hurons applied the name to the 

 "Canadiens" of 1626, i. e. the Algon- 

 quians dwelling on the Lower St Law- 

 rence. It was applied indiscriminately 

 to the Abnaki, Mohegan, Mahican, Dela- 

 wares, Munsee, Stockbridges, Brother- 

 tons, and generally to all the New Eng- 

 land and contiguous southern Algonquian 

 tribes. ■ (j. n. b. h. ) 



