lil'LL. 30] 



TUKTLEBACK TUSCARAWAS 



841 



on quite an extensive scale, especially at 

 Los Cerrillos, N. Mex., where many of 

 their rude stone mining hammers and 

 sledges have been found (see Mines and 

 Quarries). It is even surmised that the 

 more highly civilized tribes of Mexico 

 found and utilized this source of themuch- 

 valued gem. The turquoise is highly 

 prized by the present tribes of the arid 

 region, and is ground into beads and 

 pendants, which are pierced by the aid of 

 primitive drills, and is made into settings 

 for mosaic work (see Mosaic). Kunz 

 states that "the selling price is now 

 [1880] very low, tlie Indians disposing of 

 their specimens at the rate of 25 cents 

 for the contents of a mouth, where they 

 usually carry them. A string made of 

 many hundreds of stones they value at 

 the price of a pony." See Utahlite. 



Consult Blake in Am. Jour. Sci., 2d s., 

 XXV, 1858; Silliman in Eng. and Min. 

 Jour., XXXII, 1881; Fewkes (1) in Am. 

 Anthr., ix, no. 11, 1896; (2) in 17th 

 Rep. B. A. E., pt. 1, 1898; (3) in 22d Rep. 

 B. A. E., 1904; Kunz, Gems and Precious 

 Stones, 1890; Clark and Diller in Am. 

 Jour. Sci., 3d s., xxxii, 1886; Pepper (1) 

 in Am. Anthr., vii, no. 2, 1905, (2) in 

 Putnam Anniv. Vol., 1909. (w. h. h. ) 



Turtleback. See Stonework. 



Turtle Mountain Sioux. An Assiniboin 

 band occupying a reserve of 640 acres at 

 the base of Turtle mt., 12 m. s. e. of Delo- 

 raine, jManitol)a. They numbered 45 un- 

 til the autumn of 1908, when 30 of their 

 number joined the Oak Lake band on its 

 reservation 5 m. n. of Pipestone, Mani- 

 toba. 



Turtle Portage, A Chippewa station in 

 Wisconsin, occupied by the tril)e for a 

 long time before settling at Flambeau 

 lake. — Warren (1852) in Minn. Hist. Soc. 

 Coll., v, 192, 1885. 



Turtletown (trans, of Sdligi'igl, ' turtle ' ). 

 A Cherokee settlement in upper Georgia 

 about the period of the removal of the 

 tribe in 1839. (j. m. ) 



Turwillana (referring to a cylindrical 

 fossil marked in rings). An extinct clan 

 of Taos pueblo, N. Mex. 

 Turwil'lana tai'na. — M . C. Stevenson, notes, B. A E. , 

 1910 (tai'na= 'people'). 



Tusanes. A former tribe of n. e. Mexico 

 or s. Texas, probably Coahuiltecan. Ac- 

 cording to Portillo ( Apuntes para la Hist. 

 Antig. de Coahuila y Tex., 285, 1888), 

 who calls them "Tusan or Carrizo," 213 

 of their number were at San Juan Bau- 

 tista mission in 1761. — Orozco y Berra, 

 Geog., 303, 1864. 



Tuscaluca. See Ta.^ralnsa. 



Tuscarawas. A former settlement of 

 Delawares and Wyandot on Tuscarawas 

 r., Ohio, near the mouth of Big Sandy r. 

 It was near the great trail leading from 

 Muskingum on the s. and Sandusky on 



the N. to the Indian settlements in w. 

 Pennsylvania, being situated almost due 

 w. from Shingas Town at the mouth of 

 Beaver r. The early traders gave the 

 name Muskingum, or Elk's Eye, to the 

 three streams now known as the Muskin- 

 gum, Tuscarawas, and Big Sandy. On 

 account of its location near the intersec- 

 tion of the three trails, this settlement, 

 which was made some time before 1750, 

 was well known to traders. Gist passed 

 through it in the year named on his way 

 to Muskingum, when it was composed 

 of a few wigwams. After 1758, when 

 Tamaque (q. v.), or King Beaver, the 

 leading chief of the Delawares on the 

 Ohio, left w. Pennsylvania on account of 

 the fall of Ft Duquesne, he made this his 

 headquarters, and from this time the 

 place was frequently spoken of as "The 

 Beavers Town." After Zeisberger and 

 his Delaware converts deserted the Mo- 

 ravian settlement on Beaver r.. Pa., they 

 moved to the Tuscarawas valley, which 

 at once became the center of missionary 

 effort among the western Indians. Ta- 

 maque became one of the converts. The 

 Moravian missionary Heckewelder la- 

 bored for many years in this field, during 

 which time he had many narrow escapes 

 from death at the hands of hostile Indians 

 led by the white renegade Simon Girtj\ 

 Heckewelder says: "In the year 1762, 

 while I lived at Tuscarawas on the Mus- 

 kingum, they [the Delawares] were set- 

 tled on that river and its branches. ' ' Bou- 

 quet's force encam])ed near the place in 

 Oct. 1764, at whi('h time it was entirely de- 

 serted by its inhabitarits, who had fled in 

 terror before the advancing army, leaving 

 about 100 wigwams, an evidence of their 

 numbers. At this time the village had 

 been occupied by a mixed population of 

 about 150 families of Delawares, Shawnee, 

 Wyandot, Miami, and Mingos. McCul- 

 lough speaks of the settlement at this time 

 where a "number of traders resided" 

 (McCullough, Nam, in Border Life, 104, 

 1839; see also the Journal of Bouquet Ex- 

 pedition. 13, 1765; Parkman, Conspiracv 

 of Pontiac, ii, 227, 1901, and letter of 

 General Gage, ibid., app. F). A number 

 of Indians met Bouquet at Tuscarawas, 

 making overtures for peace. The army 

 moved on to Muskingum, where a coun- 

 cil was held, after which *a number of 

 white prisoners were given up and hos- 

 tages given for the return of all ]irisoners 

 at Ft Pitt in the coming spring. Many 

 of the Indian warriors followed their 

 former captives, whom they had learned 

 to hold in high regard, back to Ft Pitt, 

 but many of these captives returned not 

 long afterward to their Indian homes on 

 the Tuscarawas. (g. p. d. ) 



Beaver's Town. — Croghan(1761) in Mass. Hist. Soc. 

 Coll.. 4th s.. IX, .379, 1871. Beaver Town.— Hutch- 

 ins mai> in Smith. Bouquet Exped., 1766. King 

 Beaver's Town. — Smith, Bouquet Exped., tJ7, 17(i6. 



