990 



TANKTONAI 



[B. A. B. 



1845. Ihanktonwe. — Boyd, Ind. Local Names, 55, 

 1885 (trans.: 'a town or dwelling at the end'). 

 Ihank'-t'wans. — Rainsev in Ind. Aff. Rep. 1849, 85, 

 1850. Ihaukt'wans.— H. R. Ex. Doc. 96, 42dCong., 

 3d sess., 16, 1873. Ja^a^a nikaci"ga. — Dorsey in3d 

 Rep. B. A. E., 212, 1884 (' people who dwelt in the 

 woods': so called anciently bv the Omaha). 

 Jantons.— De Smet, Miss, de 1' Oregon, 264, 1848. 

 Jantous. — De Smet, Letters, 23, 1843. lower-"Yanc- 

 tons.— Hayden, Ethnog. and Philol. Mo. Val., 371, 

 1862. Shan-ke-t'wans. — Ramsey in Ind. Aff. Rep. 

 1849, 74, 1850 (misprint). Shank' t' wannons.— Ram- 

 sey, ibid., 78. Shank-t'wans.— Ramsey, ibid., 75. 

 South Tanktons. — Preseott in Schoolcraft, Ind. 

 Tribes, ii, 169, note, 1852. Wichiyela.— Warren, 

 Dacota Country, 15, 1855 (trans.: 'first nation'). 

 Wiciyela.— Riggs, Dakota Gram, and Diet., viii, 

 1852 (' they are the people': Teton name, applied 

 also to Yanktonai). Yanckton. — Treaty of 1831 in 

 U. S. Ind. Treaties, 783, 1873. Yancton.— Long, 

 Exped. Rockv Mts., i, 179, 1823. Yanctonas.— Ind. 

 Aff. Rep., 497, 1839. Yanctongs.— Pike, Exped., 49, 

 1810. Yanctons.— Ramsev in Ind. Aff. Rep. 1849, 

 78, 1850. Yanctonwas.— Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, 

 VI, 689, 1857. Yanctorinans.-Ind. Aff. Rep., 295, 

 1854. Yanctowah.— Boiler, Among Inds. in Far 

 W., 29, 1868. Yaneton.— Martin, Hist. La., 333, 

 1882. Yanetong.— Boudinot, Star in the W., 129, 

 1816. Yanka-taus.— Ruxton, Life in Far W., Ill, 

 1849. Yanktau-Sioux.— Sage, Scenes in Rockv Mts., 

 54, 1846. Yank toan.— Long, Exped. St Peter's 

 R., I, 378, 1824 (trans.: 'descended from the fern 

 leaves'). Yanktons.— De I'lsle, map of La. (1708) 

 in Neill, Hist. Minn., 164, 1858. Yanktons of the 

 south.— Lewis and Clark Exped., i, 1S4, 1817. 

 Yanktoons. — West, Jour., 86, 1824. Yanktown. — 

 Culbertson in Smithson. Rep. 1850, 86,1851. Yan- 

 tons. — Keane in Stanford, Compend., 470, 1878. 

 Yauktong.— Tanner, Narr., 324, 1830 (misprint). 

 Yauktons.— Parker, Minn. Handbk., 141, 1857. 

 Yaunktwaun. — Ramsev in Minn. Hist. Coll., I, 

 (1850-56), 47, 1872. Yengetongs.— Schoolcraft, 

 Trav., 308, 1821. Yonktins.— Gass, Vov., 407, 1810. 

 Yonktons.— Drake, Ind. Chron., 201, 1836. 



Yanktonai {ihanke 'end,' to" wan 'vil- 

 lage,' ?ia diminutive: 'little-end village.' — 

 Riggs). One of the 7 primary divisions 

 or subtribes of the Dakota, speaking the 

 same dialect as the Yankton and l)elieved 

 to be the elder tribe. Long evidently ob- 

 tained a tradition from the Indians to this 

 effect. The first apparent reference to one 

 of the tribes in which the other is not 

 included is that to the Yankton by La 

 Sueur in 1700. It is not until noticed by 

 Lewis and Clark in 1804 that they reap- 

 pear. These explorers state that they 

 roved on the headwaters of the Sioux, 

 James, and Red rs. The migration from 

 their eastern home, n. of Mille Lac, Minn. , 

 probably took place at the beginning of the 

 18th century. It is likely that they fol- 

 lowed or accompanied theTeton, while the 

 Yankton turned more and more toward 

 the s. w. Long (1823) speaks of them as 

 one of the most important of the Dakota 

 tribes, their hunting grounds extending 

 from Red r. to the Missouri. Warren 

 (1855) gives as their habitat the country 

 between the James r. and the Missouri, 

 extending as far n. as Devils lake, and 

 states that they fought against the United 

 States in the War of 1812, and that their 

 chief at that ti me went to England. It does 

 not appear that this tribe took any part in 

 the Minnesota massacre of 1862. In 1865 

 separate treaties of peace were made with 

 the United States by the Upper and Lower 



Y'"anktonai, binding them to use their in- 

 fluence and power to prevent hostilities 

 not only against citizens, but also between 

 the Indian tribes in the region occupied 

 or frequented by them. Subsequently 

 they were gathered on reservations, the 

 Upper Yanktonai mostly at Standing 

 Rock, partly also at Devils Lake, N. Dak. ; 

 the Lower Yanktonai (Hunkpatina) 

 chiefly on Crow Creek res., S. Dak., but 

 part at Standing Rock res., N. Dak., ancl 

 some at Fort Peck res., Mont. 



Their customs and characteristics are 

 those common to the Dakota. Long 

 (1823) states that they had no fixed resi- 

 dence, but dwelt in fine lodges of well- 

 dressed and decorated skins, and fre- 

 quented, for the purpose of trade, L. 

 Traverse, Big Stone lake, and Cheyenne r. 

 Their chief, Wanotan, wore a splendid 

 cloak of buffalo skins, dressed so as to be a 

 fine whitecolor, which was decorated with 

 tufts of owl feathers and otliers of various 

 hues. His necklace was formed of about 60 

 claws of the grizzly bear, and his leggings, 

 jacket, and moccasins were of white skins 

 profusely decorated with human hair, the 

 moccasins being variegated with plumage 

 from several birds. In his hair, secured 

 by a strip of red cloth, he wore 9 sticks, 

 neatly cut and smoothed and painted with 

 vermilion, which designated the number 

 of gunshot wounds he had received. His 

 hair was plaited in two tresses, Avhich 

 hung forward; his face was painted with 

 vermilion, and in his hand he carried a 

 large fan of turkey feathers. 



The primary divisions of the tribe are 

 Upper Yanktonai and Hunkpatina. These 

 are really subtribes, each having its organ- 

 ization. 



The first notice of subdivisions is that 

 by Lewis and Clark, who mention the 

 Kiyuksa, Wazikute, Hunkpatina, and 

 the unidentified Hahatonwanna, Hone- 

 taparteenwaz, and Zaartar. Hayden 

 (1862) mentions the Hunkpatina, Pa- 

 baksa, and Wazikute, and speaks of two 

 other bands, one called the Santee, and 

 probably not Yanktonai. J. O. Dorsey 

 gives as subdivisions, which he calls 

 gentes, of the Upper Yanktonai: Y/azi- 

 kute, Takini, Shikshichena, Bakihon, 

 Kiyuksa, Pabaksa, and another whose 

 name was not ascertained. His subdi- 

 visions of the Hunkpatina are Putete- 

 mini, Shungikcheka, Takhuhayuta, Sa- 

 nona, Ihasha, Iteghu, and Pteyuteshni. 

 English translations of names of bands of 

 Yanktonai of which little else is known 

 are ' The band that wishes the life ' and 

 'The few that Hved.' 



The population as given at differentdates 

 varies widely. Lewis and Clark (1806) 

 estimate the men at 500, equal to a total 

 of about 1,750; Long (1823), 5,200; Rep. 

 Ind. Aff. for 1842, 6,000; Warren in 1856, 



