992 



YAQUINA 



[B. A. B. 



the narrative of the expedition in 1531 

 by Nunc deGuzman (Segunda Rel. Anon. , 

 inIcazbalceta,Col. Docs., ii, 300-02,1866), 

 in which they are spoken of as related 

 linguistically to the people living on Rio 

 die Fuerte, a relationship that has since 

 been fully confi rmed ( see Cahita ) . Capt. 

 Hurdaide made 3 successive attacks on 

 the tribe (1609-10), the last time with 50 

 mounted Spaniards and 4,000 Indian 

 allies, but was defeated and forced to re- 

 treat each time. The Yaqui made over- 

 tures of peace, a treaty with the Spaniards 

 was made in 1610, and soon thereafter 

 missionaries began to visit them. Perez 

 de Ribas, a missionary among them be- 

 tween 1624 and 1644, says they were then 

 agriculturists, cultivating not only maize, 

 but also cotton, which they manufactured 

 into cloth, especially mantles. The first 

 serious revolt against the Spaniards oc- 

 curred in 1740, and was brought on, 

 according to Alegre (Hist. Comp. Jesus, 

 III, 273, 1842), by disputes between Span- 

 ish settlers and the missionaries. There 

 was a second outbreak in 1764. The more 

 recent uprisings were in 1825, 1832, 1840, 

 1867, 1885, and 1901. Hrdlicka (Am. 

 Anthr., vi, 61, 1904), who speaks highly 

 of the capabili- 

 ties of the Yaqui, 

 says: "This is 

 the only triljeon 

 the continent 

 that, surrounded 

 by whites from 

 the beginning of 

 their history, 

 have never been 

 fully subdued." 

 Their native 

 dwellings, in 

 which many of 



them still live, are quadrilateral structures 

 of poles and reeds, or adobes and reeds or 

 brush, with flat or slightly sloping roofs of 

 grassand mud. These aregenerally of fair 

 size, with adjoining shelters where the 

 cooking and the other indoor work is done. 

 Their principal industries are agricul- 

 ture and cattle raising, and the manufac- 

 ture of cotton and woolen stuffs. They 

 also make hats and fine mats of palm leaf 

 and reed baskets, which they sell at Guay- 

 mas. Many of them are employed as la- 

 borers in the fields and mines. A few 

 ornaments, as rings, earrings, and beads, 

 are made from silver and other metals. 

 According to Hrdlicka (op. cit.,68), there 

 is no organization among the Yaqui, ex- 

 cept in that part of the tribe which lives 

 practically free and conducts the revolu- 

 tions; nor do there appear to be any 

 secret societies. Marriage, natal, and 

 mortuary ceremonies are mainly Roman 

 Catholic; the women marry young; the 

 dead are buried in graves. They had a 

 former custom of exchanging wives. 

 Their principal settlements have been 



Bacum, Belen (with others), Bicam, Co- 

 cori, Huirivis, Potam, Rahun, and Torin. 

 Estimates of the population of the tribe 

 have varied widely at different dates. 

 The earliest guess, that for 1621, was 

 30,000; Zapata (1678) reported the popu- 

 lation of the 7 principal Yaqui pueblos 

 as 8,116; while in 1760, according to 

 Jesuit accounts, the population of 8 chief 

 settlements was 19,325 (Escudero Not. 

 Estad. Sonora y Sinaloa, ]00, 1849). Es- 

 cudero gives the population in 1849 at 

 54,000 to 57,000. Stone estimated their 

 number in 1860 at 20,000, which Hrdlicka 

 considers approximately correct for 1903. 

 In 1906-7 the Mexican government un- 

 dertook a plan to overcome permanently 

 the hostile Yaqui by deporting them to 

 Tehuantepec and Yucatan, to which parts 

 several thousand accordingly have been 

 sent. 



Consult Ribas, Hist. Trium. Santa Fee, 

 1645; Zapata (1678) in Doc. Hist. Mex., 

 4th s.. Ill, 1857; Escudero, op. cit., 1849; 

 Bancroft, No. Mex. States, 1883; Stone, 

 Notes on the State of Sonora, 1861; 

 Hrdlicka, op. cit., 1904. (f. w. h.) 



Cinaloa.— Hervas, Cat. Leng., I, 322, 1800. Gaqui.— 

 Conklin, Arizoiiii. 341, 1878. Hiaqui. — Orozco y 

 Berra, Geog., 58, 

 1864. Eyaquez. — 

 Rivora, Diario, leg. 

 1514, 1736. Hyaquin. 

 — Bandelier, Gilded 

 Man, 124, 1893 (Ya- 

 qui or). Hyaquis. — 

 Rivera op. cit., leg. 

 lo,S2. lakim.— Cur- 

 tis, Am. Ind., II, 112, 

 1 908 ( Papago na me ) . 

 Ibequi. — Latham, 

 El. Comp. Philol., 

 428, 1862. Yaquima. 

 — Castaneda (1596) 

 in T e r n a u x-Com- 

 YAQui WOMEN pans, Voy., ix, 157, 



1S38. Yaquimis. — 

 Alegre, Hist. Comp. Jesus, ii, 32, 1841. 



Yaquina. A small tribe, but the most 

 important division of the Yakonan family 

 (q. v.), formerly living about Yaquina r. 

 and bay, w. Oregon. By the early ex- 

 plorers and writers they were classed 

 with the Salishan tribes to the n., but 

 later were shown to be linguistically inde- 

 pendent. The tribe is now practically 

 extinct. There are a few survivors, for 

 the greater part of mixed blood, on the 

 Siletz res., Oreg. According to Dorsey 

 (Jour. Am. Folk-lore, iii, 229, 1890) 

 the following were villages of the Ya- 

 quina: On the N. side of Yaquina r.: 

 Holukhik, Hunkkhwitik, Iwai, Khais- 

 huk, Khilukh, Kunnupiyu, Kwulai, 

 shauik, Kyaukuhu, Kyuwatkal, Mipshun- 

 tik, Mittsulstik, Shash, Thlalkhaiun- 

 tik, Thlekakhaik, Tkhakiyu, Tshkitshi- 

 auk, Tthilkitik, Ukhwaiksh, Yahal, Yik- 

 khaich. On the s. side of the river: At- 

 shuk, Chulithltiyu, Hakkyaiwal, Hathle- 

 tukhish, Hitshinsuwit, Hiwaitthe, Kaku, 

 Khaiyukkhai, Khitalaitthe, Kholkh, 

 Khulhanshtauk, Kilauutuksh, Kumsuk- 



