1008 



YUKHAIS YUKIAN FAMILY 



Lb. a. k. 



and C. Chukotsky, and on St Lawrence 

 id. Although a few of them have ob- 

 tained reindeer, in mode of hfe and gen- 

 eral characteristics they resemble the Es- 

 kimo of Alaska. Their language, how- 

 ever, varies considerably from that spoken 

 on the American side and is said to be 

 harsher. But few of them have adopted 

 the custom of wearing labrets. They 

 have been frequently confused with their 

 neighbors, the maritime Chukchi. Lin- 

 guistically they may be distinguished into 

 four groups — the Nookalit of East cape, 

 the Aiwanat of Indian pt., the Wuteelit 

 of C. Ulakhpen, and tlie Eiwhuelit of St 

 Lawrence id. Their villages, grouped 

 under these subdivisions, are: Nookalit: 

 Enmitahin, JSabukak, Ulak. Aiwanat: 

 Avak, Imtuk, Napakutak, Rirak, Tesik, 

 Unisak. (Krause mentions another, at 

 the head of Plover bay, called Nasskatu- 

 lok, not referred to by Bogoras. ) Wute'e- 

 U(: Chenlin,Clierinak. Eiivhuelit: Chibu- 

 kak, C'hitnak, Kialegak, Kukuliak, Pugu- 

 viliak, Punuk. 



Chuklu'k-mut.— Dall in Cont. N. A. Ethnol., I, 

 13, 1877. Chukohukomute. — Raymond in Sen. Ex. 

 Doc. 12, 42d Cong., 1st sess., 25; 1871. NamoUos.— 

 Prichard, Phys. Hist. Mankind, v, 371, 1S47. Yu- 

 Ite.— Deniker, Races of Man, 370, 1901. Yu-pi'it.— 

 Bogoras, Cliukchee, 11, 1904 ( lM-pi=' genuine 

 man '). 



Yukhais. An Alsea village on the n. 

 side of Alsea r., Oreg. 



Yuk-qais'. — Dorsey in Jour. Am. Folk-lore, iii, 

 230, 1890. 



Yukhwustitu. A Siuslaw village on 

 Siuslaw r., Oreg. 



Yu'-k' qwu-sti'-^u. — Dorsey in Jour. Am. Folk-lore, 

 III, 230, isyo. 



Yukian Family (adapted from Wintun 

 Yuki, 'enemy'. — Kroeber). A linguistic 

 family in n. California, comprising only 

 the Yuki, divided into several tribes or 

 groups speaking several dialects. Ap- 

 parently they had no common name of 

 their own. Though the territory of the 

 Yuki was very small, it was divided into 

 three detached areas — one about the pres- 

 ent Round Valley res. and s. thereof; 

 another w. of this, along the coast, and a 

 third some distance to the s. in the moun- 

 tains dividing Sonoma from Napa and 

 Lake cos. 



The greater part of the family was 

 comprised within the area first mentioned, 

 which ran along Eel r. from a short dis- 

 tance al)ove the confluence of the North 

 fork, along l)()th sides of the river to the 

 junction of South Eel and Middle fork, 

 extending on the w. to the ridge e. of 

 Long valley. From the junction of the 

 two streams up, the Yuki possessed the 

 entire drainage of Middle fork e. to the 

 watershed of the Coast range, wdiieh 

 formed the boundary l)etween them and 

 the Wintun. They appear to have lived 

 also on Hull cr., wliich drains into the 

 North fork of Eel r. Some of the chief 

 divisions of the Yuki proper were the 



Ukomnom in and about Round valley, 

 the Sukshultatanom on North fork of 

 Middle fork, the Huititnom on South fork 

 of Middle fork, the Sukanom on Middle 

 fork, the Utinom about the junction of 

 Middle fork and South Eel r., and the 

 Lilshiknom and Tanom on main Eel r. 

 South of this group of tribes, between 

 the Middle fork and the South Eel, in 

 Eden valley and the adjacent country, 

 were the Witukomnom, whose dialect , 

 was somewhat different from that of the 

 Yuki proper. South of the Witukomnom 

 again, on both sides of South Eel r., cer- 

 tainly near the mouth of Tomki cr., and 

 probably to the headwaters of the South 

 Eel itself; also on the upper waters of 

 Russian r. , at the head of Potter valley, 

 were the Huchnom, who spoke a third 

 dialect, which differed considerably from 

 the Yuki proper. They are known by 

 the Porno, who are their neighbors on the 

 s., as Tatu, and by the whites as Red- 

 woods. 



The second territory held by Yukian 

 tribes extended along the coast from Ten 

 Mile r. to Rockport or Usal, and inland as 

 far as Jackson Valley cr., or more proba- 

 bly the range between this stream and the 

 sea. These people call themselves Ukoh- 

 toutilka, 'Ocean tribe.' They have proba- 

 bly been separated from the main body 

 of the Yuki by Athapascan migration, 

 as the Kato of Cahto and Laytonville 

 occupy a strip of Athapascan territory 

 between the two divisions. The dialect 

 of the coast Yuki does not differ more 

 from that of the Yuki proper than does 

 that of the Huchnom. 



The third territory occupied by the 

 Yuki is mainly in the hills between 

 Geysers and Calistoga, but includes a 

 small portion of Russian r. valley, about 

 Healdsburg. These people are called 

 Ashochimi by Powers, and are generally 

 known as Wappo. They are separated 

 from their northern relatives by Porno 

 tribes, and their language diverges greatly 

 from all other Yuki dialects. 



The Yuki are said to have been some- 

 what more warlike than most of the Cal- 

 ifornians. The Yuki proper, or portions 

 of them, were at war at times with the 

 Kato and Wailaki, the Wintun, the 

 Huchnom, and certain Porno tribes. 

 Excepting the Wappo, who fought with 

 the Spaniards in the second quarter of 

 the 19th century, the Yuki were barely 

 beginning to be known at the time 

 when the discovery of gold flooded the 

 state with Americans. They came in 

 conflict with the whites on different 

 occasions, suffering considerably in num- 

 bers as a consequence. Round Valley 

 res. was established in the heart of their 

 territory in 1864, and the greater part of 

 the stock, as well as various Athapascan, 



