BULL. oOi 



ZUNI 



1017 



proached the town described by Fray 

 Marcos under the name of Cibola, but 

 which Coronado called Granada. This 

 was Hawikuh. After a contest outside 

 the walls the place was carried by storm, 

 July 7, 1540, when it was found that the 

 warriors had previously removed the 

 greater part of their property, togetlier 

 with their women and chihlren, to their 

 stronghold on Taaiyalone mesa, whither 

 they also fled. The magnificent King- 

 dom of Cibola, with its 7 cities filled 

 with gold and precious stones, proved to be 

 onl}'^ a group of ordinary Indian pueblos, 

 and thedisappointed Coronado was moved 

 to declare in his official rei)ort that the 

 friar had "said the truth in nothing that 

 he reported." Coronado found the 7 

 towns all within 4 leagues, each hav- 

 ing a distinct name, and the largest con- 

 taining 500 houses, while Cibola (derived 

 from Shiwona, above mentioned), was 

 found to be the name of the whole terri- 

 tory. From Cibola, on the identification 

 of which with the Zuai country all scien- 

 tific students agree, expeditions were 

 sent to Tusayan (the Hopi country), the 

 Grand canyon of the Colorado, and to the 

 Rio Grande and beyond, and after the 

 arrival of the main force the Spaniards 

 moved to the latter stream, thereto enter 

 winter quarters. 



In 1580 the tribe was visited by Fran- 

 cisco Sanchez Chamuscado, in the account 

 of whose journey the name of the prov- 

 ince is printed Cami (Cuni). It was re- 

 ported to contain 6 villages. In 1583 the 

 provincewas visited by Antonio deEspejo, 

 who for the first time called the place 

 Zuni, adding that its other name was 

 Cibola, and who found there some Jlexi- 

 can Indians who had been left by Coro- 

 nado. Espejo attril)uted to Zuni the 

 greatly exaggerated population of 20,000 

 in 6 villages (one of which was Aquico = 

 Hawikuh = Coronado's Granada), thus 

 indicating that one of their pueblos had 

 been abandoned between 1540 and 1583. 

 Zuiii was again visited by Juan de Onate, 

 the colonizer of New Mexico, in 1598, 

 when this and several other pueblo 

 provinces were given under the minis- 

 terial care of Fray Andivs Corchado, 

 but there was no resident missionarj' 

 at Zufii at this time. In 1598 the Zuiii 

 still occupied 6 villages, recorded by Onate 

 as: Aguicobi or Aguscabi (Hawikuh), 

 Canabi (Kianawe?), Coaiiucria (Kiaki- 

 ma), Ilalonagu (llalona), Maca(iui (Mat- 

 saki), and Aquinsa (Apinawa?). The 

 ruins of those that are indentified beyond 

 doubt are still plainly to be seen. 



The first Zuni mission was established 

 at Hawikuh by the Franciscans in the 

 summer of 1629. Fray Roque de Figue- 

 redo. Fray Agustin de Cuellar, and Fray 

 Fi-ancisco de Madre de Dies being its 



missionaries, although one or two of 

 these probably were established at 

 Halona. Between this date and 1832 

 Fray Francisco Letrado was transferred 

 from the Jumaiio, in e. New Mexico, to 

 the Zuiii, but was nmrdered l)y them on 

 Feb. 22 of the latter year, and 5 days 

 later Fray INIartin de Arvide, who had 

 passed through Hawikuh on his way to 

 the Zipias, was killed by 5 Zuni and a 

 mestizo who accompanied him. As in 

 Coronado's time, the Indians again fled 

 to their stronghold on Taaiyalone mesa, 

 where they remained until 1635. From 

 this time until 1670 the history of the 

 Zuiii is almost a blank. On Aug. 7 of 



PAH LOWAHTIWA— ZUNI 



the year named the Apache or Navaho 

 raided Hawikuh, killed its missionary. 

 Fray Pedro deAvila y Ayala, and burned 

 the church, his remains being recovered 

 the next day by Fray Juan Galdo, priest 

 at Halona. Hawikuh was never rees- 

 tablished as a mission, and it is even 

 j)ossible that it was not reoccupied at all, 

 OjoCaliente springing up, a short distance 

 away, as a summer farming settlement. 



At the time of the great Pueblo rebel- 

 lion of 1680 the Zufii occupied but 3 towns, 

 excluding Hawikuh. These were Halona, 

 Matsaki, and Kiakima; the first at the 

 site of the present Zuiii, on both sides of 

 the river; the other two, which were 



