1018 



ZUNI 



[b. a. b. 



visitaii of the Haloiia mission, at the n! w. 

 and s. w. base «f Taaiyalone, respec- 

 tively. Tiie Zuni participated in the 

 rebellion, killing their missionary and 

 again Heeing to Taaiyalone, where they 

 remained until New Mexico was recon- 

 quered in 1692 by Diego de Vargas. 



The people from this time were con- 

 centrated on the site of Halona, which 

 meanwhile had fallen to decay, where, 

 chietly on the x. side of Zuni r., they built 

 a new pueblo — the present Zuni. A 

 church was erei'ted here about 1699, but 

 the village was soon again without a resi- 

 dent priest owing totlie killing, in 1703, 

 of a few Spanish soldiers who had treated 

 the natives harshly, causing them again 



ZUNI WOMAN 



to flee to their stronghold. The Indians 

 remained on Taaiyalone until 1705, when 

 they again settled in the plain and the 

 missionary returned to them. A garri- 

 son was kept at the pueblo for some 

 years, and from time to time they were at 

 enmity with the Hopi, but peace was re- 

 stored in 171o. The subsequent history 

 of Zuni is not noteworthy. A mission 

 was in existence throughout the 18th and 

 well into the 19th century, but the church 

 gradually fell in ruins and only occasion- 

 ally was it visited by priests. For some 

 time after the territory came into posses- 

 sion of the United States following the 

 war with Mexico, Zuili was entirely 



abandoned by white people, but in the 

 70' s various attempts were made to mis- 

 sionize the i)uehlo, with little success. In 

 recent years the Government has built 

 extensive irrigation works and established 

 a large school, and the younger genera- 

 tion are becoming educated in the ways 

 of civilization and have learned the En- 

 glish language. 



In character and customs the Zuili re- 

 semljlethePueblo tribes generally. They 

 are quiet, good tempered, and industrious, 

 friendly toward the Americans but jeal- 

 ous and distrustful of the Mexicans, and 

 bitter enemies of the Navaho. They ad- 

 here tenaciously to their ancient religion, 

 which is closely interwoven with their 

 social organization. Forinformationcon- 

 cerning their customs and beliefs, see 

 Puebloa, and consult Gushing (1) in 2(1 

 Rep. B. A. E., 188;], (2) 4th Rep. B. A. E., 

 1886, (3) 13th Rep. B. A. E., 1896; Ste- 

 venson (1) in 5th Rep. B. A. E., 1887, 

 (2) 23d Rep. B. A. E., 1904. 



The population of Zufuat the period of 

 the Pueblo rebellion of 1680 was about 

 2,500, since which time it has steadily 

 decreased, chiefly by reason of smallpox 

 epidemics. Between 1788 and 1799 the 

 l)opulation ranged, according to various 

 estimates, from 1,617 to 2,716; in 1820 it 

 apparently had dwindled to 1,597. In 

 1880 the population was 1,650; at the 

 present time (1910) it is 1,640, having re- 

 covered from an epidemic in 1898-99 

 which carried away about 250. 



According to Gushing the Zuiii have 

 7 phratral groups, divided into 16 surviv- 

 ing clans, as follows: 



(1) Itiwa Ateuna ('those of the mid- 

 most all' ), embracing Pi-chi-kwe or Mii- 

 la-kwe ( Parrot or INIacaw folk), Ta''-a-kwe 

 (Seed or Gorn folk ), and Yjl^-to-k'ya-kwe 

 (Sun folk). (2) Pishla Ateuna ('those 

 of the northernmost' ), embracing Aing^- 

 shi-kwe (Bear folk), Ka-lok-ta-kwe (Her- 

 on or Crane folk), and Ta-thlup-tsi:kwe 

 (Yellow-wood folk). (3~i Ky'iilishiAteu- 

 na ('those of the westernmost'), em- 

 bracing Sus'-ki-kwe (Goyote folk) and 

 P6-yi-kwe (Chaparral cock or Grouse 

 folk). (4) Alalio Ateuna ( 'those of the 

 southernmost ' ) , embracing To-na-shi- 

 kwe (Badger folk) and Ai-ya-ho-kwe 

 (Redtop-shrub folk). (5) Telua Ateuna 

 ('those of the easternmost'), embracing 

 T6-na-kwe (Turkey folk) and Sho-hoi-ta- 

 kwe (Deer folk). (6) lyama Ateuna 

 ('those of the uppermost'), embracing 

 K'ya-k'ya-li-kwe (Eagle folk) and An''-a- 

 k we (Tobacco folk). (7) Mailam Ateu- 

 na ('those of the lowermost'), embrac- 

 ing Tii-k'ya-k we (Toad folk) and Tchi-to- 

 la-kwe (Rattlesnake folk). 



Following are the Zuni pueblos, those 

 marked by an asterisk being now extinct: 

 * Halona, *Hampasawan, *Hawikuh, 



