XXVIII ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 
to from the scattered houses or agricultural hamlets for protec- 
tion. (Hence Osh-ten-u-thlan, an upper story room, from 
Osh-ten, a cave, rock shelter, and u-thla-nai-e, built within 
or surrounded by, literally, ‘cave room.”) 
(5) In mesa villages, composed of confederated clans of the 
cliff hamlets. (Hence Thlu-éllon-ne, the modern name for a 
village, from thlua, many set up, and ¢l-lon-a, standing to- 
gether— that is, ‘many built up in one.”) 
(6) In great terraced (and often walled) valley villages, 
owing their strength to the number of the inhabitants. In this 
last condition the Shi-wo-na or Cibola (Zuni) tribes were 
found by the Spanish conquistadores in 1539-40 
It will be observed that some of the etymologies given above 
present slight variations from etymologies heretofore given by 
Mr. Cushing in the Fourth Annual Report. 
Based upon these studies Mr, Cushing made others regard- 
ing the sociologic history of the Zuni Pueblos, &ec., seeming 
to indicate that during the periods of the horticultural hamlets 
(third of the above) and cliff villages (fourth of the above) 
agnatic institutions, owing their origin to the segregation of 
the enatie clan ties or kins of the lava village period (second of 
the above), began to be developed Although the original 
enatic institutions (never thoroughly outgrown) seem to have 
been reyerted to on the resumption of communal village life 
(fifth and sixth of the above), still he finds what he regards as 
survivals of the other and higher social condition. For ex- 
ample, the brothers of a woman are no longer known as the 
“fathers” of her children, although more anciently they had 
been, as language shows, thus considered; while the brothers 
of aman are called the ‘lesser fathers” of his children. Again, 
a child is considered as the property of both the father and the 
mother gens, and marriage in the father clan, although not 
forbidden, is discouraged, and rarely if ever takes place. In 
this order may also be placed the father feasts, when children 
assemble to eat with their fathers and in their fathers’ houses 
at the beginning of the year. Further evidence in the cus- 
toms of inheritance, which in some curious ways vary from 
purely enatic institutions of descent, might be adduced as sur- 
