10 BURIAL MOUNDS OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS. 
published, we are perhaps warranted in concluding that the following 
districts or areas were occupied by different peoples or tribes. Asa 
matter of course we can only designate these areas in general terms. 
(1) The Wisconsin district, or area of the emblematic or effigy mounds. 
This embraces the southern half of Wisconsin, a small portion of the 
northern part of Illinois, and the extreme northeast corner of Iowa. 
The effigy or animal mounds form the distinguishing feature of the 
works of this district, but aside from these there are other features 
sufficient to separate the works of this section from those further south. 
(2) The Illinois or Upper Mississippi district, embracing eastern Iowa, 
northeastern Missouri, and northern and central Illinois, as far south 
as the mouth of the Illinois River. 
In this region the works are mostly simple conical tumuli of small 
or moderate size, found on the uplands, ridges, and bluffs as well as 
on the bottoms, and were evidently intended chiefly as depositories of 
the dead. They are further characterized by internal rude stone and 
wooden vaults or layers ; by the scarcity of pottery vessels, the frequent 
occurrence of pipes, the presence of copper axes, and often a hard, 
mortar-like. layer over the primary or original burial. The skeletons 
found are usually extended, though frequently in a sitting or squatting 
posture. 
Walls and enclosures are of rare occurrence in this region. 
(3) The Ohio district, including the State of Ohio, the western part of 
West Virginia, and the eastern portion of Indiana. Although the works 
of this region present some features which are common to those of the 
Gulf section, there are several peculiar characteristics which warrant 
us in designating it as a distinct district. Among other of these peculiar 
features we notice the great circles and squares of the enclosures, the 
long parallel lines of earthen walls, the so-called “ altar mounds,” or 
mounds containing structures chiefly of clay to which the name “altar” 
has been applied ; the numerous carved stone pipes; the character of 
the pottery and the methods of burial. 
(4) The New York district, confined chiefly to the northern and west- 
ern parts of the State of New York, but including also the lake region 
of the central portion. 
As the antiquities of this district have been shown by Squier to be 
chiefly due to the Indian tribes occupying that section at the time of 
its discovery by the Europeans, it is unnecessary to note the distinguish- 
ing characteristics. The works are chiefly enclosing walls, remains of 
palisades, and burial mounds. 
(5) The Appalachian district, including western North Carolina, east- 
ern Tennessee, southwestern Virginia, and part of southeastern Ken- 
tucky. 
The characteristics which appear to warrant us in concluding that 
the works of this region pertain to a different people from those in the 
other districts, at the same time seem to show some relation to those of 
