XXVIII ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 
also appear, followed by examples from Australia, Oceanica, 
Europe, Africa, and Asia, inserted chiefly for comparison 
with the picture-writings in America, to which the work is 
specially devoted, and therefore styled extra-limital petro- 
glyphs. The curious forms called cup sculptures are next 
discussed, followed by a chapter on pictographs considered 
generally, which condenses the results of much thought. The 
substances, apart from rocks, on which picture-writing is found 
are next considered, and afterwards the instruments and mate- 
rials by which they are made. The subjects of pictography 
and the practices which elucidate it are classified under 
several headings, viz: Mnemonic, subdivided into (1) Knotted 
cords and objects tied, (2) Notched or marked sticks, (3) Wam- 
pum, (4) Order of songs, (5) Traditions, (6) Treaties, (7) 
Appointment, (8) Numeration, (9) Accounting; Chronology, 
in which the charts at first called calendars, but now, in 
correct translation of the Indian terms, styled winter-counts, 
are discussed and illustrated with the care required by their 
remarkable characteristics ; Notices, which chapter embraces 
(1) Notice of visit, departure, and direction, (2) Direction by 
drawing topographic features, (8) Notice of condition, (4) 
Warning and guidance; Communications, including (1) Dee- 
laration of war, (2) Profession of peace and friendship, (3) 
Challenge, (4) Social and religious missives, (5) Claim or de- 
mand; Totems, titles, and names, divided into (1) Pictorial tribal 
designations, (2) Gentile and clan designation, (3) Signifi- 
cance of tattoo marks, which topic is discussed at length, with 
ample illustration, and (4) Designations of individuals, subdi- 
vided into insignia or tokens of authority, signs of individual 
achievements, property marks, and personal names. Some of 
the facts presented are to be correlated with the antique forms 
of heraldry and others with proper names in modern civilization. 
The topic Religion, considered in the popular significance 
of that term, is divided into (1) Symbols of the supernatural, 
(2) Myths and mythic animals, (3) Shamanism, (4) Charms 
and amulets, (5) Religious ceremonies, and (6) Mortuary prac- 
tices. Customs are divided into (1) Cult associations, (2) 
Daily life and habits, (3) Games. The chapter entitled His- 
