OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. XXIX 
toric presents (1) Record of expeditions, (2) Record of battle, 
which includes a highly interesting Indian pictured account 
of the battle of the Little Big Horn, commonly called the 
‘Custer massacre,” (3) Record of migration, (4) Record of 
notable events. The Biographic chapter gives too many minu- 
tie for particularization here, but is divided into (1) Continu- 
ous record of events in life and (2) Particular exploits or 
events. Ideography permeates and infuses all the matter under 
the other headings, but is discussed distinctively and with evi- 
dential illustrations in the sections of (1) abstract ideas expressed 
objectively, and (2) symbols and emblems. In the latter 
section the author suggests that the proper mode of interpre- 
tation of pictographs whose origin and significance are un- 
known is that they are to be primarily supposed to be objective 
representations, but may be, and often are, ideographic, and in 
a limited number of cases may have become symbolic, but that 
the strong presumption without extrinsic evidence is against 
the occult or esoteric symbolism often attributed to the mark- 
ings under discussion. The significance of colors is connected 
with ideography and examples are given of the colors used in 
many parts of the world for mere decoration, in ceremonies, 
for death and mourning, for war and peace, and to designate 
social status. The depiction of gesture and posture signs is 
next discussed, showing the intimate relation between a 
thought as expressed without words by signs, and a thought 
expressed without words by pictures corresponding to those 
signs. - 
Conventionalizing is divided into conventional devices, which 
were the precursors of writing, and the syllabaries and alpha- 
bets evolved. The pictographic origin of all the current 
alphabets of the world, often before discussed, receives further 
explanation. 
While comparison by the reader between all the illustra- 
tions and the facts recorded and the suggestions submitted 
about them is essential to the utility of the work, the author 
gives, as representing his own mode of study, found to be ad- 
vantageous in use, a chapter on Special Comparison, divided 
into (1) Typical style, (2) Homomorphs and symmorphs, 
