MALLERY. ] IN NORTH CAROLINA. 99 
denote the era of the introduction of firearms and gunpowder among the aboriginal 
tribes of that valley. This era, from the well-known historical events of the con- 
temporaneous settlement of New Netherlands and New France, may be with general 
accuracy placed between the years 1609, the date of Hudson’s ascent of that stream 
above the Highlands, and the opening of the Indian trade with the Iroquois at the 
present site of Albany, by the erection of Fort Orange, in 1614. * * * 
In a map published at Amsterdam, in Holland, in 1659, the country, for some dis- 
tance both above and below Esopus creek, is delineated as inhabited by the Wara- 
nawankongs, who were a totemic division or enlarged family clan of the Mohikinder. 
They spoke a well-characterized dialect of the Mohigan, and have left numerous 
geographical names on the streams and physical peculiarities of that part of the 
river coast quite to and above Coxsackie. The language is Algonquin. 
Esopus itself appears to be a word derived from Seepu, the Minsi-Algonquin name 
for a river. 
* * * The inscription may be supposed, if the era is properly conjectured, to 
have been made with metallic tools. The lines are deeply and plainly impressed. 
It is in double lines. The plumes from the head denote a chief or man skilled in the 
Indian medico-magical art. The gun is held at rest in the right hand; the left ap- 
pears to support a wand. [The position of the arm may be merely a gesture. | 
The reproduction here as Fig. 60 is from a rock on the western bank of 
the Hudson, at Esopus landing. It is presented mainly on account of 
the frequent allusions to it in literature. 
NORTH CAROLIWA. 
Mr. James Mooney, of the Bureau of Ethnology, reports petroglyphs 
upon a gray gneissoid rock, a short distance east of Caney river, on the 
north side of the road from Asheville to Burnsville, North Carolina. The 
face of the surface is at an angle of 30° toward the south, and the 
sculptured area covers about 10 feet square. The characters consist 
chiefly of cup-shaped depressions, some about 2 inches deep, some being 
also connected. There are a few markings which appear to have been 
intended to represent footprints. The characters resemble, to some 
extent, those at Trap Rock gap, Georgia, and at the Juttaculla rock, 
North Carolina, on a branch of the Tuckasegee river, above Webster. 
The above-described sculptured rock is on the property of Ellis Gard- 
ner, and is known as Gardner’s, or the “‘ Garden rock.” 
Mr. Mooney also reports that at Webster, North Carolina, there is 
one large rock bearing numerous petroglyphs, rings, cup-shaped depres- 
sions, fish-bone patterns, etc. He further states, upon the authority 
of Dr. J. M. Spainhour, of Lenoir, that upon a light gray rock measur- 
ing 4 feet by 30 are numerous cup-shaped petroglyphs, he having 
counted 215. The rock is on the Yadkin river, 4 miles below Wilkes- 
boro, and is at times partly under water. 
Dr. Hoffman, who in 1886 visited western North Carolina, gives the 
following account of colored pictographs found there by him. 
“The locality known as ‘ Paint rock’ is situated on the east or right 
bank of the French Broad river, about 100 yards above the Tennessee 
and North Carolina state line. The limestone cliff, which terminates 
abruptly near the river, measures about 100 feet in height and covers 
