CIHVAGE AB) SVs: 
SUBSTANCES ON WHICH PICTOGRAPHS ARE MADE. 
Substances on which pictographs are made may be divided intu— 
I. The human body. 
Il. Natural objects other than the human body. 
Ill. Artificial objects. 
SECTION 1. 
THE HUMAN BODY. 
Markings on human bodies are—(1) Those expressed by painting 
or such coloration as is not permanent. It has been found convenient 
to treat this topic under the heading of “Significance of Colors,” Chap. 
XVIII, Sec. 3. (2) Those of intended permanence upon the skin, gen- 
erally called tattoo, but including scarification. This enormous and 
involved topic is discussed, so far as space allows, under the heading of 
“Totems, Titles, and Names,” Chapter x111, Sec. 3, where it seems to be 
most convenient in the general arrangement of this work. Though 
logically it might have been divided among several of the headings, 
that course would have involved much repetition or cross reference. 
SECTION 2. 
NATURAL OBJECTS OTHER THAN THE HUMAN BODY. 
Other natural objects may be divided into—(1) Stone; (2) bone; (3) 
skins; (4) feathers and quills; (5) gourds; (6) shells; (7) earth and 
sand; (8) copper; (9) wood. 
STONE. 
This caption comprises the pictographs upon stone surfaces or tab- 
lets which are not of the dimensions or in the position to be included 
under the heading of petroglyphs, as elsewhere detined. Accounts, 
with and without illustrations, have been published of several engraved 
tablets, regarding which there has been much discussion, and some ex- 
amples appear, infra, under the appropriate heading. (See Chapter xx11, 
Sec. 1.) Other examples, in which the genuine aboriginal character of 
the work is undisputed, appear in the present work, and a large number 
of other engraved and incised stone objects could be referred to, some 
of which are in the possession of the Bureau of Ethnology, unpublished, 
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