CHA TER VeuEi: 
INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIALS BY WHICH PICTOGRAPHS 
ARE MADE. 
So far as appears on ancient pictographic works the kind of instru- 
ments and materials with which they were made can be inferred only 
from its aspect, though microscepic examination and chemical analysis 
have sometimes been successfully applied. A few examples relating 
to the topic are given as follows, though other descriptions appear else- 
where in this treatise. 
SECTION 1. 
INSTRUMENTS FOR CARVING. 
This title, as here used, is intended to include cutting, pecking, 
seratching, and rubbing. The Hidatsa, when scratching upon stone or 
rocks, as well as upon pieces of wood, employ a sharply pointed piece 
of hard stone, usually a fragment of quartz. The present writer suc- 
cessfully imitated the Micmac scratchings at Kejimkoojik lake, Nova 
Scotia, by using a stone arrow point upon the slate rocks. 
The bow-drill was largely used by the Innuit of Alaska in carving 
bone and ivory. Their present method of cutting figures and other 
characters is by a small steel blade, thick, though sharply pointed, re- 
sembling a graver. 
Many petroglyphs, e. g., those at Conowingo, Maryland, at Machias- 
port, Maine, and in Owens valley, California, present every evidence 
of having been deepened if not altogether fashioned by rubbing, either 
with a piece of wood and sand or with pointed stone. 
To incise or indent lines upon birch bark the Ojibwa, Ottawa, and 
other Algonquian tribes used a sharply pointed piece of bone, though 
they now prefer an iron nail. Examples of scratching upon the outer 
surface ot bark are mentioned elsewhere. 
Several examples of producing characters on stone by pecking with 
another stone are mentioned in this paper, and Mr. J. D. McGuire (a), of 
Ellicott City, Maryland, has been remarkably successful in forming 
petroglyphs with the ordinary Indian stone hammer. Some of the re- 
sults established by him are published in The American Anthropologist. 
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