222 PICTURE-WRITING OF THE AMERICAN INDIANS. 
It is well known that the meal of maize called kunque is yet com- 
monly used by the Zuni for ceremonial coloration of their own persons 
and of objects used in their religious rites. Hoddentin is less famil- 
iarly known. It is the pollen of the tule, which is a variety of cat-tail 
rush growing in all the ponds of the southwestern parts of the United 
States. It is a yellow powder with which small buckskin bags are 
filled and those bags then attached to the belts of Apache warriors. 
They are also worn as amulets by members of the tribe. In dances for 
the cure of sickness the shaman applied the powder to the forehead of 
the patient, then to his breast in the figure of a cross; next he sprinkles 
it in a circle around his couch, then on the heads of the chanters and 
the assembled friends of the patient, and lastly upon his own head and 
into his own mouth. 
Everard F. im Thurn (ce) gives the following details concerning Brit- 
ish Guiana: 
The dyes used by the Indians to paint their own bodies, and occasionally to draw 
patterns on their implements, are red faroah, purple caraweera, blue-black lana, 
white felspathic clay and, though very rarely, a yellow vegetable dye of unknown 
origin. 
Faroah is the deep red pulp around the seed of a shrub (Bixa orellana) which 
grows wild on the banks of some of the rivers, and is cultivated by the Indians in 
their clearings. It is mixed with a large quantity of oil. When it is to be used 
either a mass of it is taken in the palm of the hand and rubbed over the skin or 
other surface to be painted, or a pattern of fine lines is drawn with it by means of 
a stick used as a pencil. 
Caraweera is a somewhat similar dye, of a more purplish red, and by no means 
so commonly used. It is prepared from the leaves of a yellow-flowered bignonia 
(B. chicka) together with some other unimportant ingredients. The dried leaves are 
boiled. The pot is then taken from the fire and the contents being poured into 
bow]s are allowed to subside. The clear water left at the top is poured away and 
the sediment is of a beautiful purple color. 
Lana is the juice of the fruit of a small tree (Genipa americana) with which with- 
out further preparation, blue-black lines are drawn in patterns, or large surfaces 
are stained on the skin. The dye thus applied is for about a week indelible. 
Paul Marcoy (a), in Travels in South America, says the Passés, Yuris, 
Barrés and Chumanas of Brazil, employ a decoction of indigo or genipa 
in tattooing. 
F. S. Moreat, M. D., in Jour. Roy. Geog. Soc., XXxII, 1862, p. 125, 
says that the Andaman Islanders rubbed earth on the top of the head, 
probably for the purpose of ornamentation. 
Dr. Richard Andree (b) says: 
Long before Europeans came to Australia, the Australian blacks knew a kind of 
pictorial representation, exhibiting scenes from their life, illustrating it with great 
fidelity to nature. An interesting specimen of that kind was found on a piece of 
bark that had served as cover ofa hut on Lake Tyrrell. The black who produced 
this picture had had intercourse with white people, but had had no instruction 
whatever in drawing. The bark was blackened by smoke on the inside, and on 
this blackened surface the native drew the figures with his thumb nail. 
