272 PICTURE-WRITING OF THE AMERICAN INDIANS. 
The great linguistic stock or family which embraces not only the 
Sioux or Dakota proper, but the Missouri, Omaha, Ponka, Osage, 
Kansa, Oto, Assinaboin, Gros Ventre or Minnitari, Crow, lowa, Man- 
dan, and some others, has been frequently styled the Dakota family. 
Maj. J. W. Powell, the Director of the Bureau of Ethnology, from 
consideration of priority, has lately adopted the name Siouan for the 
family, and for the grand division of it popularly called Sioux has used 
the term Dakota, which the people claim for themselves. 
The word “Dakota” is translated in Riggs’s dictionary of that lan- 
guage as “leagued” or “allied.” The title Sioux, which is indignantly 
repudiated by: the people, is either the last syMable or the last two syl- 
lables, according to pronunciation, of ‘‘Nadowesioux,” which is the 
French plural of the Algonkin name for the Dakotas “‘ Nadowessi,” 
“hated foe.” The Ojibwa called the Dakota ‘“Nadowessi,” which is 
their word meaning rattlesnake, or, as others translate, adder, with a 
contemptuous or diminutive termination; the plural is Nadowessiwak 
or Nadawessyak. The French gave the name their own form of the 
plural and the voyagers and trappers cut it down to ‘‘ Sioux.” 
The more important of the tribes and organized bands into which the 
Dakotas are now divided, being the dislocated remains of the ‘Seven 
Great Council Fires,” are as follows: 
Yankton and Yanktonai or Ihankto"wa", both derived from a root 
meaning “ at the end,” alluding to the former locality of their villages. 
Sihasapa, or Blackfeet. 
Oheno"pa, or Two-Kettles. 
Itazipteco, Without Bow. The French equivalent Sans Arc is more 
commonly used. 
Minneconjou, translated ‘Those who plant by the water,” the physi- 
eal features of their old home. 
Sitca"gu, Burnt Hip or Brulé. 
Santee, subdivided into Wahpeton, Men among Leaves, i. e., among 
forests, and Sisseton, Men of Prairie Marsh. Two other bands, now 
practically extinct, formerly belonged to the Santee, or as it is more 
correctly spelled, Isanti tribes, from the root “Issan,” knife. Their 
former territory furnished the material for stone knives, from the manu- 
facture of which they were called the “ knife people.” 
Unepapa, once the most warlike and probably the most powerful of 
all the bands, though not the largest. 
Oglala. The meaning and derivation of this name and of Uncpapa 
have been the subjects of controversy. 
Hale, Gallatin, and Riggs designate a “Titon tribe” as located west 
of the Missouri, and as much the largest division of the Dakotas, the 
latter authority subdividing into the Sicha*gu, Itazipcho, Sihasapa, 
Minneconjou, Ohenonpa, Oglala, and Hunepapa, seven of the tribes 
specified above, which he calls bands. “Titon,” (from the word titan, 
meaning ‘at or on land without trees or prairie,”) was the name of a 
