MALLERY.] TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES. 343 
Dr. Hoffman tells how at Grapevine springs, Nevada, in 187 1, the 
Paiute living at that locality informed the party of the relative position 
of Las Vegas, the objective point. The Indian sat upon the sand and 
with his hands formed an obiong ridge to represent Spring mountain, 
and southeast of this ridge another gradual slope, terminating on the 
eastern side more abruptly; over the latter he passed his fingers to 
represent the side valleys running eastward. He then took a stick and 
Fic. 453.—Chart of battle field. 
In the description a is the Mississippi river; b, Crow river; ¢, branch of Crow 
river; d, e, f, Crow lakes; g, Rice lake; h, Clear Water lake; i, Clear Water river; 
j, Sauk river; k, Big Sauk lake; 1, Big prairie lake; m, Osakis lake; n, Sauk rapids; 
o and p, canoe and deer-hunting and fishing grounds; q, 1 man and 2 women killed 
(Ojibwas); 7, Sauk Center; s, copses of timber—known as timber islands—on the 
prairie. 
showed the direction of the old Spanish trail running east and west 
over the lower portion of the last-named ridge. When this was com- 
pleted, with a mixture of English, Spanish, Paiute, and gesture signs, 
he told that from where they were now they would have to go south- 
ward east of Spring mountain to the camp of Paiute Charlie, where they 
would have to sleep; then indicated a line southeastward to another 
spring (Stump’s) to complete the second day; then he followed the line 
representing the Spanish trail to the east of the divide of the second 
ridge above named, where he left it, and passing northward to the first 
valley he thrust the short stick into the ground and said,‘ Las Vegas.” 
Mr. W. von Streeruwitz, of the Geological Survey of Texas, contrib- 
