MALLERY.] GENTILE DESIGNATIONS. 391 
This is another and more graphic delineation of tue alimal’s ears. 
d. Bear-Head. Red-Cloud’s Census. 
e. Bear-Paw. Red-Cloud’s Census. The paws of the bear are con- 
sidered to be a delicacy. 
f. Bear-Brains. Red-Cloud’s Census. 
g. Bear-Nostrils. Red-Cloud’s Census. 
h. Hump. Red-Cloud’s Census. The hump of the buffalo has been 
often praised as a delicious dish. 
7. Elk-Head. Red-Cloud’s Census. 
Fig. 515 represents carved uprights in a house of the Kwakiutl Indi- 
ans, British Columbia, taken from a work of Dr. Franz Boas (b). 
The author says that these uprights are always carved according to 
the crest of the gens of the house owner, and represent men standing 
on the heads of animals. This use of the term ‘“ crest” is not herald- 
ically correct, as literally it would require the men to be standing on 
the coverings of their own heads, but the idea is plain, the word being 
used for a device similar in nature and significance to the crest in 
heraldry, and it was adopted by the ancestors of the Kwakiutl gentes in 
relation to certain exploits that they had made. Both haman figures 
show painting and probably also tattooing on their faces. 
The character on the left hand also shows a design on the breast. 
That on the right hand presents a curious artifice of carving by which 
the legs and an arm are exhibited while preserving the solidity of the 
upright. 
SECTION 38. 
SIGNIFICANCE OF TATTOO. 
Tattooing proper is a permanent marking of the skin accomplished 
by the introduction of coloring matter under the cutaneous epidermis. 
In popular expression and often in literature it includes penetration 
of the skin by cuts, gashes, or sometimes burns, without the insertion 
of coloring matter, the cicatrix being generally whiter than the sound 
skin of the people, most frequently of the dark races, among whom the 
practice is found. This form of figuration is distinguished as scarifica- 
tion and some examples of it are given below. The two varieties of 
tattoo may, however, for the purpose of this paper, be considered 
together and also in relation to painting the human body, which in its 
early use differs from them ouly in duration. 
Mr. Herbert Spencer (a) considers all forms of tattoo to be originally 
tribal marks, and draws from that assumption additional evidence for 
his favorite theory of the deification of a dead tribal chief. Miss A. 
W. Buckland (a), in her essay on tattooing, follows in the same track, 
although recognizing modern deviations from the rule. A valuable 
article in the literature of the subject entitled “Tattooing among 
civilized people,” by Dr. Robert Fletcher should be consulted. Also A 
tatuagem em Portugal, by Rocha Peixoto. 
