416 PICTURE-WRITING OF THE AMERICAN INDIANS. 
up his sleeve and showed on his right arm the brand of the tribe. The brand is just 
below the elbow-joint, and it is of a bright red color, showing conclusively that it 
had been burned into the flesh. The design is very much on the principle of a double 
heart with a cross running through the center. The same design has been branded 
over his left eye in a somewhat smaller shape. When questioned about these brands 
he said: 
“Tn our country ail the men have to have the brand of their tribe burned into 
their skin so that they can never desert us, and no matter where they are found, you 
can always tell a Zulu by the brand. Always look for it just over the left eye and 
on the inside of the right arm. Does it hurt? Oh, no: you see they just take the 
skin together in their fingers and when the brand is red hot touch it once to the 
skin and it is all done, and the brand can never wear away.” 
SCARIFICATION. 
The following notes regarding scaritication are presented: 
Edward M. Curr (b), p. 94, says: 
The principal and most general ornament throughout Australia consists of a num- 
ber of scars raised on the skin. They are made by deep incisions with a flint or 
shell, which are kept powdered with charcoal or ashes. The wounds thus made 
remain open for about three months, and, when covered with skin, scars sometimes 
almost as thick and long as one’s middle finger remain raised above the natural sur- 
face of the skin. The incisions are made in rows on various parts of the body, prin- 
cipally on the chest, back, and on the upper muscle of the arm, and less frequently 
on the thighs and stomach. The breasts of the female are often surrounded with 
smaller scars. In some tribes dots cut in the skin take the place of scars. The oper- 
ation is a very painful one, and is often carried out amidst yells of torture. Both 
sexes are marked in this manner, but the male more extensively than the female. 
in the same volume, p. 338, is the following: 
When, as often happens, a young man and girl of the Whajook tribe in Australia 
elope and remain away from the tribe for a time, it is not unusual for them to sear 
each other in the interim as a memorial of their illicit loves; a singular proceeding 
when one remembers the agony caused by the operation and the length of time re- 
quired to get over it. This proceeding is a great aggravation of the original offense 
in the eyes of husbands. 
In Vol. 11, p. 414, the same author says: 
Men of the Cape river tribe sear their backs and shoulders in this way. Scars are 
made generally on the left thigh both of the men and women, continues Mr. Chat- 
field, but occasionally on the right, for the purpose of denoting the particular class 
to which they belong; but as such a practice would conflict with the custom prev- 
alent throughout the continent as far as known, which is to make these marks for 
ornament alone, the statement cannot be received without further evidence. 
Thomas Worsnop, in the Prehistoric Arts of the Aborigines of Aus- 
tralia, says: 
This practice of tattooing by scarification was common all over the continent, 
varying in character amongst the respective tribes, each having its own distinctive 
marks, although all patterned upon one monotonous idea. 
This is far from evidence of distinct tribal marks, the slight varieties 
of which may be only local or tribal fashions. 
Alfred C. Haddon (a), p. 366, says: 
Tattooing is unknown, but the body used to be ornamented with raised cicatrices. 
* * “~The Torres strait islanders are distinguished by a large, complicated, oval 
