MALLERY.] SUMMARY ON TATTOO. 419 
seemed to be content to leave the surface of his body in its natural con- 
dition, and from recognition of that discontent studies of clothing and 
of ornament should take their point of departure. 
In this paper many examples are presented of the use, especially by 
the North American Indians, of tribal signs carved or painted on rock, 
tree, bark, skin, and other materials, and suggestion is made of an 
interesting connection between these designs and those of heraldry in 
Europe. It would, therefore, seem natural that the same Indians who 
probably for ages used such totemic and tribal devices should paint or 
tattoo them on their own persons, and the meagerness of the evidence 
that they actually did so is surprising. Undoubtedly the statement 
has been made in a general way by some of the earlier explorers and 
travelers, but when analyzed it is frequently little more than a vague 
expression of opinion, perhaps based on a preconceived theory. Nearly 
all the Indian tribes have peculiarities of arrangement of the hair and 
of some article of apparel and accouterment by which they can always 
be distinguished. These are not totemic, nor are they by design expres- 
sions of a tribal character. They come under the heading of fashion, 
and such fashions in clothing and in arrangement of the hair still exist 
among civilized peoples, so that the people of one nation or province can 
at once be distinguished from others. Very little appears from the 
account of actual observers to show that the character of the tattoo 
marks of the North American Indians, perhaps excluding those of the 
northwest coast, was more than a tribal fashion. Such styles or 
fashions with no intent or deliberate purpose that they should serve as 
tribal signs prevail to-day in Africa and in some other regions, and 
have been introduced by the professional artists who had several 
styles. Besides the necessary influence of a school of artists, it is 
obvious that people living together would contract and maintain the 
same custom and fashion in their cutaneous decoration. 
SECTION 4. 
DESIGNATIONS OF INDIVIDUALS. 
These are divided into: (1) Insignia or tokens of authority. (2) Signs 
of individual achievements. (3) Property marks. (4) Personal names. 
INSIGNIA OR TOKENS OF AUTHORITY. 
Champlain (e) says of the Iroquois in 1609: 
Those who wore three large “ pannaches” [plumes] were the chiefs, and the three 
chiefs delineated have their plumes much larger than those of their companions who 
were simple warriors. 
In Travels of Lewis and Clarke (a) it is said: 
Among the Teton Sioux the interior police of a village is confided to two or three 
