420 PICTURE-WRITING -OF THE AMERICAN INDIANS. 
officers who are named by the chief for the purpose of preserving order, and remain 
in power some days, at least till the chief appoints a successor; they seem to be a 
sort of constable or sentinel, since they are always on the watch to keep tranquility 
during the day and guarding the camp in thenight. * * * Their distinguishing 
mark is a collection of two or three raven skins fixed to the girdle behind the back 
in such a way that the tails stick out horizontally from the body. On the head too 
is a raven skin split into two parts and tied so as to let the beak project from the 
forehead. 
In James’s Long (d) it is reported that- 
Among the Omaha on all occasions of public rejoicings, festivals, dances, or general 
hunts, a certain number of resolute warriors are previously appointed to preserve 
order and keep the peace. In token of their office they paint themselves entirely 
black; usually wear the crow, and arm themselves with a whip or war-club with 
which they punish on the spot those who misbehave, and are at once both judges 
and executioners. 
Prince Maximilian of Wied (a) says: 
In every numerous war party there are four leaders (partisans, karokkanakah) 
sometimes seven, but only four are reckoned as the real partisans; the others are 
ealled bad partisans (karokkanakah-chakohosch, literally, partisans galeux). All 
partisans carry on their backs a medicine pipe in a case which other warriors dare 
not have. ‘To become a chief (Numakschi) a» man must have been a partisan and 
then kill an enemy when he is not a partisan. If he follows another partisan for 
the second time he must have first discovered the enemy, have killed one and then 
possessed the hide of a white buffalo cow complete with the horns to pretend to the 
title of chief (Numakschi). * * * All the warriors wear small war pipes round 
their necks, which are often very elegantly ornamented with poreupine quills. 
Pls. XXvI and XXxvVIt are illustrations specially relating to insignia of 
oftice selected from an important and unique pictorial roster of the heads 
of Oglala families, eighty-four in number, in the band of Chief Big-Road, 
which were obtained by Rey. 8. D. Hinman at Standing Rock Agency, 
Dakota, in 1883, from the United States Indian agent, Maj. McLaughlin, 
to whom the original had been delivered by Chief Big-Road when 
brought to that agency and required to give an account of his followers. 
Other selections from this Oglala Roster appear under the headings of 
Ideography, Personal names, Comparisons, Customs, Gestures, Religion, 
and Conventionalizing. 
Chief Big Road and his people belong to the northern Oglala, and at 
the time mentioned had been lately associated with Sitting-Bull in va- 
rious depredations and hostilities against settlers and the United States 
authorities. The translations of the names have been verified and the 
Oglala name attached. At the date of the roster Chief Big-Road was 
above 50 years old, and was as ignorant and uncompromising a savage 
in mind and appearance, as one could well find. 
The drawings in the original are on a single sheet of foolscap paper, 
made with black and colored pencils, and a few characters are in yellow- 
ocher waters color paint. They were made for the occasion with the 
materials procured at the agency. 
Pl, xxvi exhibits the five principal chiefs with their insignia. Hach 
