MALLERY.] EXPLOIT MARKS. 433 
A. W. Howitt (¢) says: 
Messengers in central Australia sent to form a Pinya to avenge a death wear a 
kind of net on the head and a white frontlet in which is stuck a feather. The mes- 
senger is painted with yellow ochre and pipeclay and bears a bunch of emu feathers 
stuck in his girdle at the back, at the spine. He carries part of the deceased’s beard 
or some balls of pipeclay from the head of one of those mourning for him. These 
are shown at the destination of the messenger and are at once understood. 
The same author, p. 78, reports: 
A third party which the Dieri sent out was the dreaded Pinya. It was the avenger 
of the dead, of those who were believed to have been done to death by sorcery. 
The appearance at a camp of one or more men marked each with a white band 
round the head, with diagonal white and red stripes across the breast and stomach, 
and with the point of the beard tied up and tipped with human hair, is the sign of 
a Pinya being about. These men do not converse on ordinary matters, and their 
appearance is a warning to the camp to listen attentively and to reply truly to such 
questions as may be put concerning the whereabouts of the condemned man. Know- 
ng the remorseless spirit of the Pinya, any and every question is answered in terror. 
1G. 558—Mark of exploit. Dakota. Wig. 559.—Killed with fist. Dakota. 
SIGNS OF INDIVIDUAL ACHIEVEMENTS. 
Prince Maximilian of Wied, (b) gives an account explanatory of Figs. 
558 and 559: 
The Sioux highly prize personal bravery, and therefore constantly wear the marks 
of distinction which they have received for their exploits; among these are, especi- 
ally, tufts of human hair attached to the armsand legs, and feathers on their heads. 
He who, in the sight of the adversaries, touches a slain or living enemy places a 
feather horizontally in his hair for this exploit. 
They look upon this as a very distinguished act, for many are killed in the attempt 
before the object is attained. He who kills an enemy by a blow with his fist sticks 
a feather upright in his hair. 
If the enemy is killed with a musket a smal! piece of wood is put in the hair, which 
is intended to represent a ramrod. Ifa warrior is distinguished by many deeds he 
has a right to wear the great feather-cap with ox-horns. This cap, composed of 
eagle feathers, which are fastened to a long strip of red cloth hanging down the 
back, is highly valued by all the tribes on the Missouri, *~ * ~ Whoever first 
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