MALLERY. ] PERSONAL NAMES. 443 
mouth of the latter. The same tribes make a distinction to manifest 
that the gesture sign for an object gestured is intended to be the name 
“ofa person and not introduced for any other purpose by passing the 
index forward from the mouth in a direct line after the conclusion of 
the sign for the object. This signifies ‘that is his name,” the name of 
the person referred to. 
As a general rule, Indians were named in early infancy according to 
a tribal system, but in later life each generally acquired a new name, or , 
perhaps several names in succession, from some special exploits or ad- 
ventures. Frequently a sobriquet is given which is not complimentary. 
All of the names subsequently acquired as well as the original names 
are so connected with material objects or with substantive actions as 
to be expressible in a graphic picture and also in a pictorial sign. In 
the want of alphabet or syllabary they used the same expedient to dis- 
tinguish the European invaders. <A Virginian was styled Assarigoa, 
“Big Knife.” The authorities of Massachusetts were called by the 
Troquois, Kinshon, ‘‘a fish,” doubtless in allusion to the cod industry 
and the fact that a wooden codfish then hung, as it did long afterwards, 
in the state house at Boston, as an emblem of the colony and state. 
The determination to use names of this connotive character is shown 
by the objective translation, whenever possible, of such European 
names as it became necessary for them to introduce frequently into 
their speech. William Penn was called Onas, that being the word for 
feather-quill in the Mohawk dialect. The name of the second French 
governor of Canada was De Montmagny, erroneously translated to be 
‘ oreat mountain,” which words were correctly translated by the Iro- 
quois into Onontio, and this expression becoming associated with the 
title has been applied to all successive Canadian governors, though the 
origin having been generally forgotten, it has been considered to be a 
metaphorical compliment. 
The persistence of titles is shown by the fact that the Abnaki of 
New Brunswick to-day call Queen Victoria, ‘* King James,” with a fem- 
inine addition. 
Goy. Fletcher was named by the Loquois Cajenquiragoe, “the great 
swift arrow,” not because of his speedy arrival at a critical time, as 
has been supposed, but because they had somehow been informed of 
the etymology of his name, ‘“arrow-maker” (Fr. fléchier). A notable 
example of the adoption of a graphic illustration from a similarity in 
the sound of the name to known English words is given in the present 
paper, in Fig. 919, where Gen. Maynadier is represented as ‘many 
deer.” 
While, as before said, some tribes give names to children from con- 
siderations of birth and kinship according to a fixed rule, others con- 
ferred them after solemn deliberation. Even these were not necessarily 
permanent. A diminutive form is frequently bestowed by the affection of 
the parent. On initiation into one of the cult associations a name is 
generally received. Until this is established a warrior is liable to 
