444 PICTURE-WRITING OF THE AMERICAN INDIANS. 
change his name after every fight or hunt. He will sometimes only 
acknowledge the name he has himself assumed, perhaps from a 
dream or vision, though he may be habitually called by an entirely 
different name. From that reason the same man is sometimes known 
under several different epithets. Personal peculiarity, deformity, or 
accident is sure to fix a name against which it is vain to struggle. 
Girls do not often change names bestowed in their childhood. The 
same precise name is often given to different individuals in the same 
tribe, but not so frequently in the same band, whereby the incon- 
venience would be inereased. For this reason it is often necessary 
to specify the band, sometimes also the father. For instance, when 
the writer asked an Indian who Black-Stone, a chief mentioned in 
the Lone-Dog winter counts, was, the Indian asked, first, what tribe 
was he; then, what band; then, who was his father; and, except in the 
case of very noted persons, the identity is not proved without an an- 
swer to these questions. A striking instance of this plurality of names 
among the Dakotas was connected with the name Sitting-Bull, belong- 
ing to the leader of the hostile band, while one of that name was almost 
equally noted as being the head soldier of the friendly Dakotas at Red- 
Cloud Agency. 
The northeastern tribes sometimes formally resurrected the name 
of the dead and also revived it by adoption. See Jes. Rel., 1639, p. 45, 
and 1642, p. 53. 
Among the peculiarities connected with Indian personal names, far 
too many for discussion here, is their avoidance of them in direct ad- 
dress, terms of kinship or relative age taking their place. Maj. J. W. 
Powell states that at one time he had the Kaibab Indians, a smail 
tribe of northern Arizona, traveling with him. The young chief was 
called by white men ‘“ Frank.” For several weeks he refused to give 
his Indian name and Maj. Powell endeavored to discover it by noticing 
the term by which he was addressed by the other Indians, but invaria- 
bly some kinship term was employed. One day in a quarrel his wife 
called him Chuarumpik (“ Yueea-heart”). Subsequently Maj. Powell 
questioned the young chief about the matter, who explained and apolo- 
gized for the great insult which his wife had given him and said that 
she was excused by great provocation. The insult consisted in ealling 
the man by his real name. 
Everard F.im Thurn (g) gives the following account of the name- 
system of the Indians of Guiana, which might have been written with 
equal truth about some tribes of North America: 
The system under which the Indians have their personal names is intricate and 
difficult toexplain. In the first place, aname, which may be called the proper name, 
is always given toa young child soon after birth. It is said to be proper that the 
peaiman, or medicine-man, should choose and give this name, but, at any rate now> 
the naming seems more often left to the parents. The word selected is generally the 
name of some plant, bird, or other natural object. But these names seem of little 
use, in that owners have a very strong objection to telling or using them, appar- 
