624 PICTURE-WRITING OF TILE AMERICAN INDIANS. 
Matthews regarding the ceremonial scheme of the Navajo colors sym- 
bolic of the cardinal points, as follows: “The eagle plumes were laid to 
the east, and near by them white corn and white shell; the blue feathers 
were laid to the south, with blue corn and turquoise; the hawk feathers 
were laid to the west, with yellow corn and abalone shell; and to the 
north were laid the whippoorwill feathers, with black beads and corn 
of all the several colors.” 
In A Study of Pueblo Architecture, by Mr. Victor Mindeleff, in the 
Highth Ann. Rep. of the Bureau of Ethnology, the prayers of cousecra- 
tion by the Pueblos are addressed thus: 
To the west: Siky’ak ....--..... oma/‘uwu....-..--- Yellow cloud. 
To the south: Sa’/kwa....--..... oma/uwu.....---- Blue cloud. 
Motheveast- bala esse sees seeae oma! awiu'-s. 2-53. Red cloud. 
To the north: Kwetsh .......... OMarUiwiileee see ase White cloud. 
Mr. Frank H. Cushing, in Zuni Fetiches, Second Ann. Rep., Bureau 
of Ethnology, pp. 16-17, gives the following: 
In ancient times, while yet all beings belonged to one family, Po-shai-ang-k’ia, the 
father of our sacred bands, lived with his children (disciples) in the City of the 
Mists, the middle place (center) of the medicine societies of the world. When he 
was about to go forth into the world he divided the universe into six regions, 
namely, the North (Direction of the swept or barren place); the West (Direction of 
the Home of the Waters); the South (Direction of the Place of the Beautiful Red); 
the East (Direction of the Home of Day); the Upper Regions (Direction of the 
Home of the High); and the Lower Regions (Direction of the Home of the Low). 
In the center of the great sea of each of these regions stood a very ancient sacred 
place—a great mountain peak. In the North was the Mountain Yellow, in the West 
the Mountain Blue, in the South the Mountain Red, in the East the Mountain 
White, above the Mountain All-color, and below the Mountain Black. 
We do not fail to see in this clear reference to the natural colors of the regions re- 
ferred to—to the barren North and its auroral hues, the West with its blue Pacific, 
the rosy South, the white daylight of the east, the many hues of the clouded sky, 
and the black darkness of the ‘‘ caves and holes of earth.” Indeed these colors are 
used in the pictographs and in all the mythic symbolism of the Zunis to indicate the 
directions or regions respectively referred to as connected with them. 
Mr. A. S. Gatschet (a), in Proc. Am. Philos. Soe., gives the symbolic 
colors of the Isleta Pueblo for the points of the compass, as ‘ white for 
the east; from there they go to the north, which is black; to the west, 
which is blue; and to the south, which is red.” 
Mr. James Mooney, in Seventh Ann. Rep., Bureau Ethnology, p. 342, 
says that the symbolic color system of the Cherokees is: 
East—red—success; triumph. 
North—blue— defeat; trouble. 
West—black—death. 
South—white—peace; happiness. 
In the ceremonies of the Indians of the plains it is common that the 
smoke of the sacred pipe should be turned first directly upward, second 
directly downward, and then successively to the four cardinal points, 
but without absolute agreement among the several tribes as to the 
order of that suecession. In James’ Long (é), it is reported that in a 
special ceremony of the Omaha regarding the buffalo the first whiff of 
