SIGNIFICANCE OF RED. 629 
tivals painted the face of Jupiter Capitolinus with vermilion, They 
painted in the same way all the statues of the gods, demi-gods, heroes, 
fauns, and satyrs. Pan is described by Virgil in Eel. X, line 27: 
Pan, deus Arcadize venit, quem vidimus ipsi 
Sanguineis ebuli baccis minioque rubentem. 
These verses are rendered with spirit by R. C. Singleton, Virgil in 
English Rhythm, London, 1871, though the translator wrote “cinna- 
bar” instead of ‘‘red lead” and might as well have used the correct 
word, ‘‘minium,” which has the same prosodial quantity as cinnabar. 
Pan came, the god of Arcady, whom we 
Ourselves beheld, with berries bloody red 
Of danewort, and with cinnabar aglow. 
In Chapman’s translation of Homer’s hymn to Pan the god is again 
represented stained with red, but with the original idea of blood. 
A lynx’s hide, besprinkled round about 
With blood, cast on his shoulders. R 
By imitation of greatness and the semblance of divinity the faces of 
generals when they rode in triumph, e. g., Camillus as mentioned by 
Pliny, quoting Verrius, were painted red. 
On the tree which supports the Vatican figure of the Apollo 
Belvedere are traces of an object supposed to be the oréupa dedgixdy, 
which was composed of bushy tufts of Delphian laurel bound with 
threads of red wool into a series of knots and having at each end a 
tassel. This is an old sign of consecration and is possibly connected 
with the traditional gipsy sign of mutual binding in love signified by a 
red knot, as mentioned in a letter from Mr. Charles G. Leland. 
The Spaniards distinguished red as the color par excellence, and 
among many of the savage and barbaric peoples red is the favorite and 
probably once was the sacred color. 
COLOR RELATIVE TO DEATH AND MOURNING. 
Charlevoix (a) says of the Micmaes that “their mourning consisted 
in painting themselves black and in great lamentations.” 
Champlain (/), in 1603, described the mourning posts of the north- 
eastern Algonquian tribes as painted red. 
Keatings’ Long (q) tells that the Sac Indians blackened themselves 
with charcoal in mourning and during its continuance did not use any 
vermilion or other color for ornamentation. 
Some of the Dakota tribes blackened the whole face with charcoal 
for mourning, but ashes were also frequently employed. 
Col. Dodge (a) says that the Sioux did not use the color green in life, 
but that the corpses were wrapped in green blankets. The late Rey. 
S. D. Hinman, who probably was, until his death within the last year, 
the best authority concerning those Indians, contradicts this statement 
in a letter, declaring that the Sioux frequently use the color green in 
their face-painting, especially when they seek to disguise themselves, 
