650 PICTURE-WRITING OF THE AMERICAN INDIANS. 
All other means failing, the present great mass of characters was formed by a 
principle from which the class is called ‘‘ phonetic ;” because in the characters classed 
under it, while one part (called the ‘‘ radical”) preserves its meaning, the other part 
(called the ‘‘ phonetic” or ‘‘ primitive”) is used to give its own sound to the whole 
figure. This part does sometimes, however, convey also its symbolic meaning as 
well as its sound. 
sut while the original mode of expressing ideas required various 
devices, when an idea had become established in piectography there 
always appeared an attempt to simplify the figure and reduce it in 
size, so as to require less space in the drafting surface and also to lessen 
the draftsman’s labor, This was more obvious in the degree in which 
the figure was complicated and of frequent employment. 
For convenience the subject is divided into: 1. Conventional devices. 
2, Syllabaries and alphabets. 
SHETION 1. 
CONVENTIONAL DEVICES. 
PEACE. 
Among the North American Indians and in several parts of the world 
where, as among the Indians, the hand-grasp in simple salutation has 
not been found, the junction of the hands between two persons of 
different tribes is the ceremonial for union and peace, and the sign for 
the same concept is exhibited by the two hands of one person similarly 
grasped as an invitation to, or signification of, union and peace. The 
ideogram of clasped hands to indicate peace and friendship is found in 
pictographs from many localities. The exhibition and presentation of 
the unarmed hand may have affected the practice, but the concept of 
union by linking is more apparent. 
Fig. 1011.—The Dakotas made peace with the Cheyenne Indians. 
The-Swan’s Winter Count, 184041. Here the hands shown with fingers 
extended, and therefore incapable of grasping a . 
weapon, are approaching each other. The dif- —— Sang 
ferent coloration of the arms indicates different 
tribes. The device on the right is a rough form peo 
of the forearm of the Cheyenne marked as mentioned several times 1m 
this work. 
Fig. 1012.—The Dakotas made peace with the Pawnees. Aimerican- 
Horse’s Winter Count, 185859. The man on the 
left is a Pawnee. 
Fig. 10138.—A Mandanand a Dakotametin the mid- 
dle of the Missouri River, each swim- 
LE ming halfway across. They shook § 
hands there and made peace. The- 
VG. 1012. Flame’s Winter Count, 179192. 
Mulligan, post interpreter at Fort Buford, says thatthis Fic. 1013. 
was at Fort Berthold, and is an historic fact; also that the same Mandan 
long afterwards, Killed the same Dakota. 
Ch PA ye 
ee TSO 
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