MALLERY. | CROSSES. 727 
the source of light and warmth. The face on the south is green, denot- 
ing the source of the thunder bird who brings the rains and causes the 
appearance of vegetation; the surface toward the west is covered with 
vermilion and relates to the land of the setting sun, the abode of the 
dead. The north is painted black, as that faces the direction from which 
come affliction, cold, and hunger. 
Illustrations and additional details on this topic are presented in the 
paper of Dr. Hoffman (a). 
In the chart presented in that paper, Pl. B, a midé’ structure is also 
shown, within which are a number of crosses, each of which designates 
the spirit of a deceased midé priest. 
Upon several birch-bark scrolls received from Ojibwa midé priests 
are characters resembling rude crosses which are merely intended to 
designate wigwams, resembling in this respect similar characters made 
by Hidatsa to designate Sioux lodges as shown in Fig. 1203. 
Groups of small crosses incised upon ivory bow drills +t 
and representing flocks of birds, occur on Eskimo speci- +. + 
mens, Nos. 45020 and 44211, in the collection of the U.S. + 
National Museum. They are reproduced in Fig. 1228. 
In Figs. 429 and 1129, representing petroglyphs at Oak- 
ley Springs, Arizona, are crosses which are mentioned by + 
Mr. G. K. Gilbert as signifying stars. The simple cross), | jos Grosses 
appears to be the simplest type of character to represent Eskimo. 
stellar forms. See Figs. 1219, 1220, 1221 and 1223. 
Fig. 28, supra, represents a cross meme from the Najowe Valley group 
of colored pictographs, 40 miles west of Santa Barbara, California. 
The cross measures 10 inches in length, the interior portion being 
painted black, while the outside or border is of a dark red tint. This 
drawing, as well as numerous others in close connection, is painted on 
the walls of a shallow eave or rock-shelter in the limestone formation. 
Fourteen miles west of Santa Barbara, on the summit of the Santa 
Ynez mountains, are caverns having a large opening, facing the north- 
west and north, in which crosses occur of the types given in Fig. 33, 
supra. 
The interior portion of the cross is of a dull, earthy red, while the 
outside line is of a faded black tint, 
The cross measures nearly a foot in 
extent. 
At Tulare Indian agency, Tulare 
valley, California, is an immense 
bowlder of granite which has become 
broken in such a manner that one of 
the lower quarters has moved away 
from the larger mass sufficiently to 
leave a passageway 6 feet wide and Fig. 1229.—Cross. Tulare valley, Cakifornia. 
nearly 10 feet high. The interior walls are well covered with large, 
