170 EDW. JACOBSON, BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON THE HETEROCERA. 
Fab., but, covered by. their shields, the caterpillars were 
quite safe against their attacks. 
As the caterpillars of Eublemma rubra are not, as some 
Lycaenid caterpillars, on friendly terms with the ants, 
lacking any excreting organs to produce the sweet exudation 
of which the ants are so fond, they need some other means 
of protection, and these are to be found in the shield they 
permanently carry with them. 
When ‘the caterpillar is fullgrown it securely fastens the 
shield to the branch amidst the scale insects and ants, closing 
its bottom with a strong web. The shield is then transformed 
into a cocoon by constructing at its upper-side, at one of 
the ends, an ingenious device, securing to the moth an easy 
escape, without giving the ants access to the cocoon. This 
device is constructed on the same principle as the valvulae 
of the human hart, and consists of 3 to 5 elastic flaps, 
which join at their borders. They can easily be pushed open 
from the inside, but cannot be turned inwards. On PI. 5 
in fig. 44 a cocoon with these valves is shewn. Fig. 40 
represents a branch of Cassia fistula with Lecanium optimum 
und 5 cocoons of Eublemma rubra. 
In the same locality previously stated I found another 
Coccid living on Flacourtia Ramontchi L’HERIT., which Mr. 
GREEN was so kind to determine as Tachardia aurantiaca 
COCKERELL. This scale also was tended by the ant Oecophylla 
smaragdina and, just as in the previous case, was destroyed 
by the caterpillar of a small moth, identified by Sir HAMPSON 
as Catoblemma sumbavensis HAMPSON. ') The caterpillars carry 
similar protective shields, only of much smaller size, made 
out of the remains of the scales they have devoured. Before 
pupating, the cocoon is, in the same way as described before, 
provided with a small valve, which, however, in most cases 
has only 3 flaps. Zachardia aurantiaca contains a strong 
1) Catal. Lep. Phal. Br. Mus. Vol. X. p. 38., Pl. CXLIX, fig. 26. 
