56 MAMMALIA. 



tliese crests are considerably elevated, and extend laterally to the auricular foramina. Another extends across 

 the vertex, ^.ud then assumes a bifurcal form, as in the Lion, above the forehead in two lateral branches, 

 which proceed as far as the external side of the upper edge of the orbits. Tliese little crests are decisively 

 marked, and form an equilateral triangle with the upper edge of the orbital foramina. The head is formed 

 like the half of a pyramid, and the auricular foramina are placed so considerably above the palatine bones, 

 that a line let down from the former to the internal edge of the ossa palatina, would form, with a horizontal 

 line, an angle of twenty-five degrees." It varies to about thirty degrees. 



All the above modifications have immediate reference to the immense size of the canines, which necessitates a 

 proportional developement of the jaws, and the high cranial ridges to furnish attachment to muscles of sufficient 

 power to work them. The Ourangs do not cut their huge permanent teeth until nearly full grown.*] 



In the other Ourangs, the arms descend only to the knees. They have no forehead, and their 

 cranium retreats immediately from the crest of the eyebrow. The name of Chimpanzee might be 

 exclusively applied to them. 



Sim. troglodytes, Lin. [Troglodytes niijer of others].— Covered with black or brown hair, scanty in front; [a 

 white marking on the rump]. If the reports of travellers can be relied on, this animal must equal or be superior 

 in size to Man. [The skeleton of an adult female in London is considerably smaller.] It inhabits Guinea 

 and Congo, lives in troops, constructs huts of branches, arms itself with clubs and stones, and thus repulses 

 Man and Elephants ; pursues and abducts, it is said, negro womenf, &c. Naturalists have generally confounded it 

 with the Ourang-outang. In domestication it is very docile, and readily learns to walk, sit, and eat like a man. 

 [It is much more a ground animal than the Ourangs, and runs on its lower extremities without difficulty, holding 

 up the arms. Is of a lively and active disposition. The facial angle of the adult about thirty-five degrees. 

 By the general consent of living naturalists, the Chimpanzee is placed next to Man in the system, preceding 

 the Ourangs, which it exceeds in general approximation to the human form.] 



From the foregoing groups are now separated 



The Gibbons {Hylobates, lUiger), — 

 W4iich, together with t!ie long arms of the Ourangs, and the receding forehead of the Chimpanzee, 

 possess [all of them] callosities on the buttocks like the true Monkeys ; differing, however, from the 

 Litter in having no tail or cheek-pouches. AU of them inhabit the most eastern part of India, and 

 its archipelago. 



Tlie Onko Gibbon (Sim. lar, Lin.) — [This name is now by general consent applied to the next species, the 

 present one being distinguished asi/. liafflcsii, Geof.] Black, with white hairs round the face. 



[The Lar Gibbon of Linnaeus (//. lar, Geof.) — Black, with white hands and feet, and a white circle round the 

 face. Is identical with H. albimamis, Vig. and Horsf., and probably with H. variegatits, Kuhl, which seems to 

 differ only in colour, being brown where the other is black. 



The Hoolock Gibbon (//. Iwolock, Harlan). — Black, marked with white across the forehead. 



The Coromandel Gibbon (//. choromandus, Ogilby). — Of a dingy pale brown, with black hair and whiskers.] 



The Wou-wou Gibbon (S. agilis, Lin.) — Brown, the circle round the face and lower part of the back, pale 

 fulvous [with also some white around the visage]. The young are of a uniform yellowish white. Its agility is 

 extreme ; it lives in pairs, and its name Wou-wou is d3rived from its cry. 



The Gray Gibbon (.S'. leueisca, Schreb.) — Gray, with dark crown, and white beard and whiskers ; the visage 

 black. It lives among the reeds, and climbs up the highest stems of the bamboos, where it balances itself by its 

 long arms. 



^Ye might separate from the other Gibbons 



The Siamang (S. syndacfyla, Raffles), which has the second and third toes of the hind foot united by a narrow 

 membrane, the whole length of the first phalanx [a character which now and then occurs in some of the othere, 

 but in the present species is constant]. It is wholly black, with the chin and eyebrows rufous [and the throat 

 bare] ; lives in numerous troops, which are conducted by vigilant and courageous chiefs, which, at sunrise and 

 sunset, make the forest resound with frightful cries. Its larynx has a membranous sac connected with it. 



[All the above are mild and gentle animals in domestication, of extremely deUcate constitutions when brought 

 to our climate]. 



The remaining Monkey-like animals of the ancient continent have the liver divided into several 



* It may be remarked generally, that, with the possession of for- 

 midable canines, Quadrnmanu acquire a consciousness of their efficacy 

 as weapons, which renders them impatient of that controul, more par- 

 ticularly if based on fear, to which they had previously been sub- 

 missive. Chastisement then excites their ire rather than affrights 

 them ; and if they cannot gratify their rage, they will pine and die. 

 They require, in short, different treatment. An adult male MandriH, 

 which was long exhibited in London, would perform various feats 

 iiidicativc of intelligence, if briljed to do so by the offer of its favourite 

 beverage. The notion that the species with prominent niuz7les are 

 therefore less intelligent, requires modification. The developement 

 I'f l:rain. in all the Simitc, as compared with that of Man, is arrested 

 at a particular .stage of advancement ; but it does not follow that 



the growth of the other parts — that is, the developement of the other 

 systems — should cease siuiuitaneously : on the contrary, this proceeds 

 to a variable extent in different species, and the projection of the 

 muzzle, with its accompaniments, appears to increase in proportion 

 to the stature ultimately attained ; so that the adults of the smaller 

 species are, in this respect, analogous to partially developed speci- 

 mens of trhe larger, which correspond in disposition until they acquire 

 the strength and armature of which an instinctive knowledge prompts 

 them to resent affronts, and renders them so highly dangerous to 

 tamper with. The Baboons are even remarkable for penetration and 

 quickness of apprehension, however short their temper. — Kd. 

 t Very highly improbable.— Ku 



