PACHYDERMATA. 138 



Eleven or twelve species are already known. At Paris alone, we nave found one the size of a Horse, another 

 that of a Tapir, and a third of a small Sheep : the bones of a species nearly equallins^ the Rhinoceros in size 

 have been met with in the neighbourhood of Orleans. These animals appear to have frequented the borders 

 of lakes and marshes, for the deposits which enclose their remains contain also those of freshwater shells. (See 

 my Ossemens fussites, torn, iii.) 



The Lophiodons — 

 Form another extinct genus, which appears to have been closely allied to the preceding one ; but the 

 inferior incisors of which exhibit transverse ridges. Ten or twelve species have been exhumed from 

 the same ancient freshwater deposits that have yielded the Palasoiheriums. 



To these last genera succeeds that of 



The Tapirs {Tapir, Lin.), — 

 Wherein the twenty-seven molars, before they are worn, present transverse and rectilinear ridges ; 

 there are six incisors and two canines in each jaw, separated from the molars by a wide interval. The 

 nose assumes the form of a short fleshy trunk ; and the fore-feet have each four toes, the hinder 

 but three. 



For a long- while only one species was known, that of America (T. americamis, Lin.), which is the size of a small 

 Ass, with a brown and almost naked skin, a short tail, and fleshy neck, that forms a crest at the nape. It is 

 common in humid places and along- the rivers of the warm parts of America, where its flesh is eaten. The young 

 are spotted with white like the fawns of a Stag. Within a few years, a second species has been discovered in the 

 Eastern Continent (7'. ;«*'««-), of larger size than the other, and brown-black, with the back greyish white. It 

 inhabits the forests of the Malay peninsula, the island of Sumatra, &c. Still more recently. Dr. Roulin has dis- 

 covered in the Cordilleras a third species, of a black colour, and covered with thick hair ; the bones of its nose 

 are more elongated, a particular in which it somewhat approximates the PalKOtheriunis. 



There have also been found in Europe some fossil bones of Tapirs, and, among the rest, those of a gigantic 

 Slides approacliing the Elephant in size (T. giganteus, Cuv., Oss. foss.) "The lower jaw of this huge animal 

 has been obtained by M. Schleyermacher, and proves to possess enormous canines, which must have projected 

 from the mouth, [and are directed downwards] : it should therefore form a separate genus. Its size may have 

 been greater than that of the Elephant by one half. [A more perfect head of this extraordinary species, the largest 

 of the Pachydermaia hitherto discovered, has been lately disentombed in Germany, and described by Prof. Kaup. 

 With two other species, successively smaller, it now composes the genus Deutotheriam, the members of which are 

 suspected by Blainville and other anatomists to have been aijuatic animals, destitute of posterior extremities, Uke 

 the Dugongs and Manati.] 



The third family of Puchydermata, or of hoofed animals that do not ruminate, consists 

 of the 



SOLIDUNGULA, 



Or quadrupeds with only one apparent toe and a single hoof to each foot, although beneath 

 the skin, on each side of their metacarpus and metatarsus, there are appendices [stylets) 

 which represent two lateral toes. But one genus of them is known, that of 



The Horses {Equus, Lin.). 

 There are six incisors to each jaw, which, duiiug youth, have their crowns furrowed with a groove, 

 and six molars on each side above and below, with square crowns, marked by laminae of enamel which 

 penetrate them, with four crescents, besides which there is a small disk on the inner border of tho.se 

 above. The males have in addition two small canines in their upper jaw, and sometimes in both, 

 which are always wanting in the females. Between these canines and the first molar, there is a wide 

 space which corresponds with the angle of the lips, where the bit is placed, by which alone Man has 

 been enabled to subdue these powerful quadrupeds. Their stomach is simple and middle-sized ; but 

 their intestines are very long, and ca;cum enormous. The teats are situate between the thighs. 



The Horse (E. caballus, Lin.). — This noble associate of Man in the chase, in war, and in the labours of agricul- 

 ture, arts and commerce, is the most important and carefully tended of domestic animals. It does not appear to 

 exist in the wild state, excepting in those countries where the oll'spring of tame individuals have been suffered to 

 run wild, as in Tartary and America, where they live in troops, each conducted and defended by an old male. 

 The young males, expelled as soon as they have attained the age of puberty, follow the troop at a distance, until 

 they have attracted some of the younger inares. 



In a state of servitude, the colt continues sucking for six or seven months, and the sexes are separated at two 

 years ; at three they are first handled and accustomed to some management, and at four saddled and mounted, 

 at which age they can propagate without injuring themselves. The period of gestation is eleven months. 



