GRALL^i. 



233 



Fii;. 113— Fool of Os 



and gizzard, voluminous intestines, and long coeca, also a vast receptacle in wliich the urine accumu- 

 lates, as in a bladder ; they are accordingly the only birds that urinate. The penis is very long, and 

 often protruded. 



But two species are known, each of which might form a separate genus, [and they are now generally recognized 

 as such, an additional species having been discovered of one of them.] 



The Ostrich of the Eastern Continent (St>: camelus, Lin.).— Only 

 two toes to each foot, the outer of which, shorter by one-half than the 

 other, is destitute of a nail. This bird, celebrated from the most 

 remote antiquity, and ;ery numerous in the sandy deserts of Arabia 

 and the whole of Africa, attains the height of six feet and a half. It 

 lives in large flocks, lays eggs which weigh nearly three pounds each, 

 and which, in very hot climates, it leaves to be hatched by the solar 

 heat, but, in extra-tropical regions, carefully incubates and de- 

 fends them with courage. It subsists on grain and herbage, and its 

 taste is so obtuse, that it swallows indiflerently pebbles, pieces of 

 iron, copper, &c. [its gizzard always containing a surprising quantity 

 of small stones, which are doubtless taken for the purpose of assist- 

 ing in the trituration of the food.] When pursued, it dashes stones 

 behind it with great force. No animal can overtake it in the chace. 



The Nandou (Str. rhea, Lin. [Rhea americana, Auctorum]), or 

 Ostrich of America, is about half the size of the African Ostrich, and 

 more thinly covered with feathers : it is also distinguished by pos- 

 sessing three toes to each foot, all of which are furnished with claws. Its plumage is greyish, inclining to brown 

 above, with a black line descending along the neck of the male. Is not less abundant in South America than the 

 other is in Africa. It is easily tamed when taken young, and its flesh during youth is eaten. [The tarsi of this 

 bird are scutellated. 



A second South American species (Rk. Danvhiii, Gould ; R/i. pennata, D'Orbigny), is one fifth less in size, with 

 reticulated tarsi : it has also a more densely plumed wing, the feathers of which are broader, and are all terminated 

 by a band of white. The bill is shorter than the head, and the tarsi are plumed for several inches below the joint. 

 Inhabits Patagonia, where it is rare. Mr. Darwin observed that the Nandous swim with facility]. 



The Cassowaries {Casuarius, Brisson) — 

 Have wings still shorter than those of the Ostriches, and quite useless in aiding progression. 

 Their feet have three toes, all furnished with nails ; and the barbs of their feathers are so little fringed 

 with barbules, that at a distance they resemble pendent hair. [The accessory plume of the feathers 

 (which in the Ostrich and Nandou does not exist at all) attains its maximum of developement, so that 

 two equal stems appear to grow from the same quill, while in the restricted Cassowary there is even a 

 third in addition.] 



Two species likewise occur of this genus, f-ach of which might also be elevated to the rank of a genus, [n >.v 

 generally accepted]. 



The Galeated Cassowary (Str, casuarius, Lin. ; [Casuarius Emeu, Auctorum] ). — The beak laterally compress d 

 and head surmounted with a bony prominence, invested with a horny substance ; the skin of the head and neck 

 of an azure blue and flame-colcwir, with pendent caruncles, analogous to those of the Turkey : wings furnished 

 with some rigid baibless stalks, which are employed as weapons in combat : the nail of the inner toe murli 

 the strongest. It is the largest species of bird, next to the Ostrich, from which it differs considerably in its 

 anatomy ; for it has short intestines an i 

 small coeca, wants the intermediate stomach 

 between the crop and gizzard, and its cloaca 

 does not proportionally exceed that of other 

 birds. It lives on fruit and eggs, but not 

 on grain ; and lays dark-green eggs, few in 

 number, which, like the Ostrich, it aban- 

 dons to the heat of the sun. It is found in 

 different islands of the Indian Archipelago. 



nie Emeu of New Holland (Casuarius 

 yov<e Hollnndiie, Latham, [Dromaim None 

 IlollatuUte, Vieillot] ).— A depressed beak, 

 with no casque on the head, nor naked 

 space except around the eye; the plumage 

 lirown, more dense, and the feathers more 

 barbed; no ranmcles, nor spurs to the 

 «ing; and the nails of the toes nearly equal. Its flesh resembles beef: it is swifter than the fleetest Grc\ hound, 

 and the young are striped brown and white. [Either this or more probably an allied species has been extirpated 



