DIPTERA. 



619 



a perpendicular or incurved beak ; the palpi are curvea under, or recurved, but in the latter case they 

 have not more than two joints. Linnaeus united them in his genus 



TiPULA {Tipulariee, Latr.), 

 Which we divide in the following manner : — 



A first section is composed of species with antennae longer than the head, at least in the males, 

 slender, fihform, or setaceous, more than 12-jointed in the majority, and with long and slender feet. 



Some, having always wings, are destitute of ocelli, the palpi always short, the head scarcely 

 prolonged in front, the vrings horizontal or roof-like, with but few nerves ; the eyes crescent-like, and 

 the tibiae not spined. These are small species which reside, in the early states, either in water or in 

 the galls of vegetables. 



The Tipulides Culiciformcs resemble Gnats, having the antennae entirely pilose, but with the hairs 

 much longer in the males than in the females. Their larvae live in the water, and resemble those of 

 Gnats. Some of them have false feet ; others have arm-like appendages at the posterior extremity of 

 the l)ody ; they are generally of a red colour. The pupae are also aquatic, and respire by two outer 

 appendages placed at the anterior extremity of the body. Some have the power of swimming. 



Corethra, Meg., has the antennie composed of fourteen oval joints, the terminal ones scarcely differing from the 

 preceding, and the wings horizontal. T. cuUciformis, Do Geer [the Straw-coloured Midge]. 



Chironomus, Meig., has the wings inclined, the antennae 

 13-jointed in the males, and 6-jointed in the females, with short 

 hairs, the last joint, as in the males, being very long. T. annulata, 

 De Geer, [a very numerous genus of Midges]. 



Tanypus, Meig.. has the wings also deflexed, but the antennae 

 are 14-jointed in both sexes ; the penidtimate joint very long in 

 the males ; the rest, as also all the joints of the female antennae, 

 nearly globular ; the larva; have four false feet,— two near the 

 head, and two at the extremity of the body. 



Tlie Tipules Gallicoles have the antenna composed in 



both sexes of at least thirteen joints, fnrnished in the 



majority with short hairs ; at the most with a pencil of 



hairs at the base in some males. 



Ceratopogon, Meig. (CuUcoides, Latr.), has a bundle of hairs at the base in the males ; the proboscis, as in 



the two following subgenera, has the form of a pointed beak; the wings are incumbent on the body, and their 



larvae live in vegetable galls. 



Ks^ycAtfrfa, Latr , has no brush or hairs to the antennae ; the wings are roofed, and have a great number of 

 nerves ; one species has two appendages at the side of the thorax, which appear to be formed by the lateral extre- 

 mities of its front segment. 



CVc/rfowiv/a, Meig., has the antennas, as in Psychoda, moniliform, and furnished with verticillated haiis; the 

 wings horizontal on the body, with only three nerves. 



Lestremia, Macquart, has the antennae formed of 

 five globular, pedunculated joints in the males, the 

 legs long and slender, and the basal joint of the 

 tarsi long. C. destructor. Say, appears to belong 

 to this subgenus. 



Macropeza, Meg., is also closely allied to these 

 insects. 



The Tipules Terricoles comprise the largest 

 species in the family, with the antennae longer 



Fim. 13».-Cecidomyia destructor, and C. Tritici, with the lar^■ie of the latter ^-^^^^^ jj^g ]^g-j,J^ ^ml slender ; destitute of OCCllJ ; 

 feeding in wheat flowers, magnified. 



the eyes round and entire ; the wings, extended in many, liave always membranous nerves, united 

 togetiier transversely, and closed discoidal cells. The front of the head is narrowed, and prolonged 

 into a muzzle, with a basal prominence ; the paipi generally long, and the extremity of the tibiaj 



spinose. 



The larvffi of many species live in the earth, the rotten parts of trees, &c. The thorax is not distinct, 

 and they have no false feet. They exhibit at the superior extremity of the body two more evident 

 apertures for respiration. The pupa; are naked, with two respiratory tubes near the head; and tlie 

 edges of the abdominal segments spinose. These insects are well known under the name of Daddy 

 Lony-leijs, Tailors, &ic. 



Fig. 133.— Chironomus, with its Pupa and Larva, magnified. 



