r é 
296 Bibliography. % a Ger, 
during the year, 1076; of rejected and suspended appli tions (part 
from preceding year) 1409. About 750 patents expired | in 
propulsion of steamers. There is much good sense in the remarks on 
a household branch of patents, (Atmospheric Churns,) reported by 
Prof. C. G. Page, which we here cite. 
The subject of churns belongs to the class of agriculture, which 
class will be reported upon by the Examiner having that branch in 
charge. In consequence of an unequal apportionment in the number 
of cases, I have had during the year forty-nine applications trans- 
ferred to my desk, and among them twenty-one applications for 
churns. Most of these were styled atmospheric churns, and since I 
have been in the Patent Office I have never witnessed such a manta 
by the grant of a patent for a churn in which there were boxes upon 
opposite sides of a common revolving dasher, ‘so situated that as the 
dasher revolved, the box containing the cream, with its open mouth 
downwards, carried down a portion of air to the bottom of the churn 
ed into spray. Both the descent and size of the box occasioned a com- 
mingling of the air and cream, and answered the purpose of agitation 
as well perhaps as any form of dasher. In the report of last year the 
rationale of atmospheric churns was given. It may be well to repeat 
that the introduction of air plays no chemical part in the production of 
of air rises through the cream, it forms a bubble upon the surface before © 
it escapes, and in some of the atmospheric churns, where the dasher 
is constantly submerged, the whole mass of cream is converted into 
a complete mass of foam. From the success of such a churn as that 
above named in producing butter in a shorter time than other churns, @ 
most enthusiastic speculation was at once commenced upon atmospheric 
improvements. From the immense number of churns used throughout 
the country, great gains could not fail to follow the monopoly of a new 
ind superior churn. The gol 
