100 TONES. — CHARACTERISTICS OF BRYGOS. 
letter as <£, such words as dvcavdiievos and 
ch occur in the Gorty 
scription, become intelligible in the forms dv<f>r}vdfjL€vo<; and dv(f>avTo<;. This view that 
<j> was present in the Cretan dialect is upheld by M. Kleemann (Reliquiarum Dialecti 
Creticae — Pars Prior ; Glossae Creticae), who quotes on p. 24, from Athenaeus (XI, 
783 e) avd<f>aia' 7} OepiLOTroris irapd KprjGLV, on p. 25, dncxfaXdcrai ' po^dcrou' KpfJTes 
kclL SdfXLOL, and on p. 44, <fyCkrJToip ' epaorqs. Even if we lacked this proof it would be 
very unlikely that at so late a date as that of our vase, when the Greek dialects had 
become nearly crystallized, the Cretan alphabet should lack the Ionic aspirate. 
In the Bull. d. Inst. 1858, p. 180, 27, Conze gives an Attic grave inscription with 
the spelling Eviropcrvvr), which Koscher {De Aspiratione Vulgari, p. 88) wrongly quotes as 
Ev-rrpocrvvr). We might be tempted to use this as evidence that at Athens the letter ir 
was sometimes substituted by an illiterate stone-cutter for the correct form <f>. Grant- 
ing this, it would be easy to carry our argument a step further, and claim that the use 
of n for <f> on the London kylix was due to ignorance on the part of Brygos. Such is 
not likely the case, however, for the absence of misspelling (t. e., the wrong use of it 
and <£, etc.) on other vases of Brygos precludes this possibility. 1 It is an instance of 
misspelling 
that our artist clung to the orthography of his native tongue 
instead of adopting that of Athens. That foreigners at Athens experienced difficulty 
with the aspirates, and not only left them out, as we learn from Aristophanes, 2 but 
introduced them where they did not belong, is shown by Plato ( Craiyliis, 406 a), who 
has Socrates, in speaking of the character of Leto, say, to-o>s Se &>? ol &voi KaXovai ' 
noWol yap hrjBo) Kakovcrw. 
The solution of the question of the native country is yet to be discovered. It would 
seem that Brygos was a foreigner, and that he came from some country that lacked the 
aspirate. But barring the possibility that the form of his name may point to a 
northern origin, it is impossible to name his country. 3 
» On the interior picture of No. 57 of our list occur the names Empedion and Phanas. Here, if anywhere, it 
seems to m e . wa. a oh*™» f or Brygos to confuge the uge of ^ ^ ^ 
d of t for $, seems to have been the means employed by Aristophanes in designating 
iballos (Birds, 1679) says Sovito, and the Scvthian in th« Th^mnnh^in^usnfi H001 and 
<!> 
any « barbarian." inus Triballos (Birds, 1679) 
1007) uses alrplav and nvXat 
awi ) uses aiTpiav ana 7rvAa£. 
fo* vmT N °i 8 aPPea 1 * 8 f ^ With the namS Babakchos - T ^ reading of this name given in the Man. d. 
wS II L Vr U 1D l- S : \ Had thlS beeU C ° rrect ' there mi S ht h ™ b <* n «<>me reason for associating it 
Z^Trf 1 I * ' W D u Ch 1S Phrygian - ™ 3 WOU,d have fitted nic <% with the name Brygos, which seems 
7Z Cat It f TJ T T ST, BU<> * t*™™ 1 Study ° f the vase showed the first letter to ^e B (as the Brit. 
ofThaf the wt^ an ? T 2 ' Th ; S ! eaves two P° ssible explanations : first, that the spelling is due to dittography, 
or that the word is to be associated with BaSA^c m^ m h\ na „ •_**_ . , , . f. .* . • 
fta(idKTT)s 
But neither of these throw any light on the 
birthnlirp nf IW™ V a ZL ^ . *"*"*"** °PXWrr}s, etc.;. i5ut neither of these throw any light on ine 
P to ta S prStL,!r t,7, , """V*"^ »— •» "» No. 58, for this use of . is not confined to one 
piace, out spreads through all the nlaces nf Xc^Un ~» tw; i._i_ 
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