200 Rocky Mountains and Oregon. 
shore between the Steamboat spring and our encampment, along which is 
dispersed the water from the hills, is composed entirely of strata of a cal- 
careous tufa containing the remains of moss a reed-like grasses, whic 
is probably the formation of springs. ‘The Beer or Soda springs, which 
have given name to this locality, are cn “th less highly flavored 
than the Boiling springs at the foot of Pike’s peak, which are of the 
same character. They are very numerous, and half hidden by tufts of 
grass, which we amused ra in arson = searching about for 
more highly coh pear tn sprin They a me of them deep, and 
of various sizes—sometimes i yards in ssladatesa, and kept in con- 
stant motion by palistane of nik ng gas. By analysis, one quart of 
the water contains as follows 
Grains. 
Sulphate of Rall : . ‘ ‘ 12°10 
Sulphate of lim . : » : . 2°12 
Carbonate of — > ‘ “ 3°86 
Carbonate of magnesia, ‘ ‘ 4 ‘ 3°22 
Chloride of calcium, . _ : : . 1:33 
Chloride of wis cea : p ; ; 1-12 
Chloride of sodiu ' P s 2°24 
Vegetable extractive matter, ‘&e. . . ‘ 0-85 
26°84” 
p. 136, 137 
Travelling along, east of the Cascade range, many fine lakes 
were met with, and in latitude 40° 40’, another remarkable local- 
ity of hot springs. 
‘“‘ This is the most extraordinary locality of hot springs we had met 
during the journey. The basin of the largest one has a circumference 
of several hundred feet ; but there is at one extremity a circular space 
of about fifteen feet in diameter, entirely occupied by the boiling wa- 
ter. It boils up at irregular intervals, and with much noise. ‘The wa- 
ae is oar and the spring deep; a pole eed aA feet long was 
rsed in the centre, but we had no means of forming a good 
idea of the ia danith: It was. surrounded on thé t margin with a border of 
rere grass, and om the shore the temperature of the water was 206°. 
e ha means of ascertaining that of the centre, where the heat 
was greatest ; ba by dispersing the water with a pole, the temperature 
at the margin was increased to 208°, and in the centre it was doubtless 
higher. By driving the pole towards the bottom, the water was made 
to boil up with increased force and noise. There are several other in- 
teresting places, where water and smoke or gas escape, but they would 
require a long description. The water is impregnated with common 
salt, but not so much so as to render it unfit for general cooking; and 
a mixture of snow made it pleasant to drink. 
“In the immediate neighborhood, the valley bottom is covered al- 
most exclusively with chenopodiaceous shrubs, of greater luxuriance, 
and larger growth, than we had seen in any preceding part of the 
ao Sieg —p. 215. 
lakes passed among the ridges of the Cascade range, 
were remarkable for their beauty and the singularity of their 
