Notices of Koordistan. 347 
ities; the internal so are always calcareous and in grains 
or spicule, and in ast particular they differ from the ealca- 
reous of the ‘simian these grains are sometimes so abundant 
as to unite into solid tubes, (Tubipore.) 'The basal secretions 
are either horny, ( Gorgonine,) calcareous, (Corallium,) or. sili- 
ceous, (Hyalonema ;) and in some instances, from a mixture of 
membranous tissue with the earthy matter they resemble cork. 
4. Among the calcareous corals, the texture or density of the 
coral is often of little importance, as it may vary in different parts 
of the same eae according to their full exposure to the free 
ocean waters or not. 
In species swith stellate cells, there is always a definite number 
of rays to the adult cell, e xcepting among those that bud in the 
disks, and this number is some multiple of four or six, and usually 
of both. The characters of the cells, whether immersed or oecu- 
pying a prominent calicle; and, internally, deep and open ” 
bottom, or transversely septate, or spongy cellular, or solid,—a 
important ; also the peculiarities 4 a lamelle, whether salies 
or not, equal or irregular, exsert or 1 
In Moheverse sections of the aalda cells, the number of rays, 
(when adult ,) the diameter, and the character of the centre, and 
of the interstices, are generally good characteristics for species. 
The corals of Alcyonaria never have rays to their cells or 
tubes ; the Madreporacea have never more than twelve rays ; the 
Caryophyllacea and Astreacea have always more than twelve 
and the last order is distinguished by having the interval betw 
the cells lamello-striate ste p. 344, III, 2) internally, with few 
exceptions, as well as externally. 
his brief review of the characteristics of zoophytes, has pre- 
way for an exposition of the classification into whic 
the = naturally fall. 
Arr. XXXIV. sss: Notives of Koordistan.—Hot Sudo heer Spring— 
Manna—Mines of Lead—Sulphur and Orpiment—Rock 
Salt and Saline eae ee s—Ruins, §c., derived chiefly from 
ee oh ., of the Mis 
Outver P. ‘Hopparp, M. D., Prof — &e., Dartmouth 
College. 
Tue Nestorians of the mountains of Koordistan, which lie to 
the west, in the limits of Turkey, have.recently suffered severely 
by the 
Thi Nestorians, at Oroomiah, in Persia, by t 
salt he of. seers ‘ apy “This rake | js about 1400 yards above the sea, about 
oe miles in length from north to south, oe in breadth about thirty- -two 
miles. ‘The governor of this district is Yahyah ‘Kha 
