164 BUKEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 99 



There are, moreover, quite a number of concepts that are referred 

 to in the formulas by words that are totally different from those 

 used in the tribal language: 



As far as morphology is concerned the most impressive fact is that 

 in the ritualistic language the comm.-Iroq. feature of incorporation of 

 the nominal object has been retained to a far greater extent than in 

 the tribal language. In fact the latter seems to be losing, slowly but 

 surely, this mode of expression altogether. E. g., such an expression 

 as: "I am making it bigger," is rendered in the tribal language: 



i;H'ant''D5° ntG9'''ne*a' 



it-bigger-become I make it 



whereas the ritualistic language still uses the more typical Iroq.: 

 Gat*a'no't'sttJa' (i. e., aa-, 1st. sgl. pronominal pref., 1st. conj. subject.; 

 y-t'an(o)-"big"; -*i.st- causat. infix; -u& praes. suff.). Of this there 

 are many instances. 



Another fact, equally interesting, of which only one instance has 

 been found so far, is the prefixing of the particle expressing the pos- 

 session of the object to the verb instead of to the noun, as in the tribal 

 language : 



Ritual language: a'oaN^ti' tsuna'N^tryu' 

 Tribal language: tsu'DaN!ti' uca'N'tt'yu' 

 (Both with the same meaning: "He loves thy soul.") 

 Syntaxis. — Adverbs of place, which in tribal language usually pre- 

 cede the verb, in the ritualistic language often follow it: 



Ritual language: ant'loJi' €-'tlawi*'ni, "they pass underneath." 

 Tribal language: e-'tlawf'ni am'b'i', "underneath they pass." 

 Semantics. — This is indeed a most interesting and promising field. 

 The stem -y/^Da-N't- which in tribal language only means "to 

 think," in the ritual language invariably stands for "to cause": 

 ulsGe-'oo" i;'DaN'te*'lo!i\ he has caused the disease for (i. e., to) him. 

 The primitive notion that evil can be cast upon an enemy by think- 

 ing, wishing, saying (cf. Latin "incantare"), is hereby clearly illus- 

 trated ; even more so though by the following group of words which all 

 derive from a stem ■yl-T>(i)- "to say": 



u^Do'no'Ji, "he has caused it." 

 a Do^'m-Ga', "he has come to cause it"; "it has been caused." 

 niG9*'DtSG€-sti', "he will continue to cause it." 

 ni;*'Dat*anQ"'D8, "it has been caused at the same time." 



