144 PROFESSOR EDWARD HULL, M.A., LL.D., F.E.S., P.G.S., ON 



Refrigeration of climate : extension of snowfields 

 and glaciers which descended and filled the valleys 

 and moved out over the north sea-floor ; deepening 

 of the valleys by glacier-erosion.* 



(e) Fiftli stage. (Inter glacial.) General subsidence of 

 land and sea ; amelioration of climate ; marine 

 terraces (or " strand-lines ") formed along the coast 

 of the submerged lands and fjords, the sea filled 

 with floating ice and bergs. 



(/) SLvth stage. (Post Glacial.) Slight re-elevation of 

 area, accompanied by recurrence of cold conditions 

 but not to the extent of the fourth stage. 



(g) Seventh stage. (Recent.) Gradual re-elevation of 

 land and amelioration of climate to present 

 conditions ; sea-beaches formed at intervals of 

 emergence along the coast at commencement of 

 human occupation of the country. 



Discussion. 



The Chairman. — Now that we have heard Professor Hull's very 

 interesting address, I hope some of those present may make any 

 remarks they desire. 



Dr. Logan Jack, F.G.S. — Mr. Chairman, T have had much 

 pleasure in listening to the able exposition of the history of the 

 Norwegian fjords that has been given by Professor Hull to-night. 

 The difficulty is that anything I have to say can scarcely take the 

 form of discussion, inasmuch as I agree with every word that has 

 fallen from Professor Hull. It appeared to me that there are, 

 however, some things that might have been, perhaps, more fully 

 explained for the benefit of the general audience, such as why the 

 ice became heaped up for these great depths, and this, I think the 

 lecturer will agree, must have been on account of the strangulation 

 which took place at the narroAving towards the mouths of the 

 valleys, and that strangulation was followed by immediate relief 

 as the ice escaped from the mouths of the valleys and, consequently, 

 the pressui-e no longer caused the heaping up of the ice. One 

 could suppose that the pressure would be the greatest immediately 

 in advance of the point where the strangulation took place ; but 

 we must consider the nature of ice as an explanation of that. 



* See page 254 for opinions of Professor Brogger and Dr. Nausen on 

 the elevation of Norway at this epoch. 



