XXXIV BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 
fifty photographs were obtained, showing portraits, groups, 
habitations, costumes, face painting, and art processes; and a 
collection of utensils, weapons, clothing, and other articles, 
embracing a large part of the property of the rancheria, was 
procured for the Museum. Various additional items of infor- 
mation were obtained from these Indians, incliding a confes- 
sion of the wanton murder of two out of a party of four 
Americans who visited their territory a few months previously. 
From the coast the expedition returned to Hermosillo and 
proceeded northwestward through a difficult and for the most 
part uninhabited country, in such manner as to find, definitely 
locate, and study Papago rancherias, concerning which only 
vague information was otherwise obtainable. In general, the 
Papago Indians maintain essential independence of whites and 
Mexicans in their industries and beliefs, this being especially 
true on the Arizona side of the boundary, where many of the 
villages are essentially aboriginal except in so far as the aborigi- 
nal character has been modified by the indirect acquirement 
of horses, cattle, burros, a few field and garden plants, and 
articles and styles of costumery. The villagers seldom see 
white men, and live in primitive habitations in a largely primi- 
tive way. This is not true of the Yaqui and most other 
Indians of Mexico, who have become dependent on white men 
and largely (in spite of the law relating to peons) reduced to 
a condition of peonage. In only one locality were the Papago 
Indians found to be laborers like their aboriginal neighbors, 
namely, at Cienega, where several families work in the ‘dry 
placers,” extracting gold under a system which practically 
renders them peons. In a few other cases, but only rarely 
and almost altogether on the Mexican side of the bound- 
ary, the Papago have entered the employ of white men or 
Mexicans of mixed blood. Passing the settlements of Poso 
Noriego, where the Indians occasionally work for wages, and 
Cienega, where they are peons, the expedition proceeded to 
the ancient Papago settlement of Caborca on the lower part 
of Altar river, and thence up the valley to Altar, stopping at 
the considerable Papago settlement at Pitiquito. At Altar 
information was gained concerning the single Papago family 
