XXXVI BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 
month he commenced the preparation of a report on the cliff 
ruins of Canyon de Chelly and made satisfactory progress 
in the preparation of this report, with the accompanying 
illustrations. 
The party in Sonora and Arizona continued to make inci- 
dental studies of prehistoric works in several localities. It was 
found that most of the valleys sufficiently watered for cultiva- 
tion were cultivated by means of irrigation during prehistoric 
times, the prehistoric fields being generally more extensive 
than those of modern times, while the early acequias rise well 
up the valley sides, overlooking those of the present popula- 
tion. Many groups of mounds, each evidently representing 
the ruins of a domicile, were found in connection with the 
ancient irrigation works, and in several cases these domiciliary 
mounds were grouped about much larger elevations, strewn 
with fragments of painted pottery (unlike that manufactured 
by the modern Indians), apparently representing the ruins of 
temples or other dominating structures, these larger mounds 
being sometimes inclosed by embankments. In some instances 
these were found near what were once evidently populous 
valleys, entrenched mountains, or isolated buttes protected by 
barricades of stone in such manner as to indicate that they 
were temporarily used as places of retreat. No habitations, 
storehouses, or reservoirs were found on these barricaded 
mountains, this condition, with others, indicating the tempo- 
rary character of the fortifications. It is of interest to note, 
among the archeologic results of the expedition, that the 
Papago Indians are found to use stone mortars and hammer- 
stones which they do not themselves manufacture, but find 
in the neighborhood of ancient and perhaps prehistoric settle- 
ments, and turn to their own uses. 
Work in synonymy—My J. Owen Dorsey spent the month in 
the preparation of an introduction to the synonymy of the 
Siouan tribes, completing the chapter on sociology and taking 
up a chapter on language. 
Mr F. W. Hodge gave some time to the extension and 
arrangement of material for this compilation, though the 
greater portion of his time was occupied in administrative and 
editorial work. 
