XVIII BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 
than divergent as among animals and plants. These activities 
may be combined as languages or arts of expression; a part 
have long been recognized as linguistics or philology; and. 
although the latter term is not wholly unobjectionable, it 
would seem best to adopt it, with enlarged definition, and 
apply it to the fourth science of humanity. 
5. The activities of the fifth category represent the integra- 
tion and summation of all the other activities; they are essen- 
tially intellectual and grow out of the interaction of intelligent 
beings among each other and with the cosmos. They com- 
prise inferences, conclusions, abstractions, beliefs, and all other 
forms of knowledge or pseudo-knowledge; they arise in a cer- 
tain order which is of great significance, but which need not 
here be detailed; they mature in that definite and comprehen- 
sive knowledge which is called science. These activities are 
so many-sided and ill-recognized that they have not been 
combined hitherto, and are not named in the vernacular; their 
products may perhaps best be denoted as opinions. — It is to 
be observed that the principal activities connected with opin- 
ions are (1) instruction and (2) acception, both of which are 
essentially collective and pertain to the individual only as a 
member of the group, The science of opinions, including the 
activities of promulgation and acception, may be called sophi- 
ology (Gopia, knowledge, and Aéyos, discourse). 
The organization and definition of the demotic sciences in 
such manner as to yield a definite basis for a scientific classifi- 
cation of the races and peoples of the earth, including the 
tribes of America, is one of the results flowing from the work 
of the Bureau since its institution in 1879. It is thought that 
this general work has now reached such a stage as to afford 
trustworthy standpoints for future work in ethnic classification. 
As during previous years, the operations of the Bureau have 
been carried forward in accordance with law and with plans 
shaped by experience. As in the last report, the details of 
the operations are set forth in a series of periodical progress 
reports and a general summary, prepared for transmittal to the 
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. These reports are 
incorporated herein as a detailed exhibit of work and progress. 
