ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XVII 
recognized during recent years; it is commonly called esthe- 
tology, and this designation is acceptable. 
2. Intimately connected with the primary activities, and 
also rooting in vital processes though becoming dominant only 
by organization through exercise and volition, there are others 
connected with physical well-being. These activities also 
arise in a certain order which need not now be developed; 
they mature in arts of welfare, or industries. The science of 
industries has long been recognized more or less clearly, and 
is acceptably known as technology. Both esthetics and indus- 
tries, originating as they do in vital processes, are primarily 
individual, though they become collective thr ough combination 
with higher activities. 
3. The activities of the third category pertain to collective 
relations. Initially they are connected with consanguinity, 
and later with affinity on whatsoever basis; among savage 
peoples they are expressed in the organization of family and 
clan; among barbaric peoples they are expressed in the family, 
gens, and tribe; and among more advanced peoples in the 
family, state, nation, and alliance, with their various ramifica- 
tions. These essentially collective activities root in biotic proc- 
esses, chiefly reproductive, and mature in government. By 
some they are regarded as constituting the essential attributes 
of mankind, and have been combined and discussed under the 
designation of sociology; this name is acceptable, though it 
seems preferable to restrict its use to the branch of demonomy 
best recognized when it was coined; thus employed, sociology 
may be defined as the science of collective control, or, more 
briefly, the science of governments. 
4. The activities of the fourth category are essentially col- 
lective and artificial; they are connected with expression, 
pantomimie, oral, and graphic. These activities also arise in 
a certain order with human development, as has been made 
known largely through researches in the Bureau. This order 
need not now be set forth in detail, though it may be noted 
that, since the activities of language are essentially demotie, 
their course of development is unlike that of living organisms, 
and may; be characterized as involutionary rather than evolu- 
tionary—i. e., the lines of development are convergent rather 
16 ETH—HII 
