XCVIII BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 
located on three mesas, or table mountains, known, respec- 
tively, as First mesa, Middle mesa, and Third mesa or Oraibi. 
On the first of these mesas the three villages of Walpi, 
Sichumovyi, and Hano are located; the second carries the three 
pueblos of Mashongnavi, Shipaulovi, and Shumopavi, while 
Oraibi alone occupies the third mesa. The people of all of 
these pueblos except Hano, on the first mesa, belong to the 
Shoshonean stock and call themselves Hopi, or people; they are 
also known as Moki, an opprobrious and filthy term applied by 
alien tribes. The people of Hano belong to the Tewan group 
of the Tanoan stock, and are affiliated with the Hopi institution- 
ally, although of alien ancestry and still possessed of an alien 
tongue. This group of pueblos is typical; situated among the 
plateaus near the center of the northeastern quarter of Arizona, 
the country is arid; and the beliefs and ceremonies reflect 
this and other environmental conditions with customary fidel- 
ity. So the Ancient of Rattlesnakes is prominent among the 
zoic deities of Tusayan; and his feeble priest, the living 
rattlesnake, is impressed imto the service of human believers 
in their ceremonial incantations. 
Dr Fewkes has already published an account of the snake 
ceremonies at Walpi, on the first mesa;’ the accompanying 
paper, which is also a preliminary description rather than a 
final monograph, relates to the similar ceremonies as performed 
on the middle mesa and at Oraibi. His paragraphs and illus- 
trations present a faithful picture of these interesting cere- 
monies. The bearings of Dr Fewkes’ researches are many 
and far-reaching: The cult of the serpent is extraordinary, not 
to say monstrous, and can only be regarded as representing an 
aberrant branch on the genealogic tree of belief; at the same 
time it is intimately connected with the immediate surround- 
ings of the believers, so that it must be regarded as largely, if 
not wholly, the product of a peculiar environment. At the same 
time the revolting ceremonials of Tusayan fall into position in 
a series of observances and ceremonials connected with the ser- 
pent extending from the plains of the Mississippi to the ancient 
'The Snake Ceremonials at Walpi, Journal of American Ethnology and Arche- 
ology, vol. iv, Boston, 1894. 
