6 PRIMITIVE TREPHINING IN PERU (ETH. ANN. 16 
transferring it to the Bureau of American Ethnology for preservation in 
the United States National Museum, save for a single specimen (the 
triple-trephined cranium, from Cuzeo) which has been placed in the 
United States Army Medical Museum. 
The Muniz crania have been examined by many scientific and medi- 
cal men in the United States; since they were brought before the 
World’s Congress at Chicago and the members of the Pan-American 
Congress at Washington, they have been exhibited and discussed before 
the Anthropological Society of Washington, the Archeological Associa- 
tion of Philadelphia, the Medical Society of the District of Columbia, 
Washington, and the Historical Club of Johns Hopkins Hospital, Bal- 
timore; and in addition they have been inspected by many visitors to 
the Bureau. The accompanying description has been prepared in the 
light of much discussion concerning the collection, and is framed to 
auswer, so far as may be, the principal inquiries made by students. 
As originally made, the collection of trephined crania was supple- 
mented and illumined by the collateral objects representing the arts of 
the primitive trephiners; but since the remainder of the collection is, 
unhappily, lost irretrievably, it has been deemed desirable so to extend 
the description and discussion of the crania and the details of the opera- 
tion as to render the series self-explanatory in every respect. It may, 
however, be noted that the inferences as to methods and motives are in 
precise accord with the testimony of associated objects. For purposes 
of comparison, illustrations of the “Inca skull” brought from Peru by 
the late E. G. Squier, and of eight trephined crania preserved in the 
Municipal Museum at Cuzco, are introduced. A more exhaustive dis- 
cussion of primitive trephining in Peru by Dr Muniz may be looked for 
in the future. 
For the arduous duty of making the collection and establishing the 
authenticity of the specimens through careful study of associations, 
and for the accompanying summary statement, Dr Muniz deserves the 
credit and bears the responsibility; for the remaining portion of the 
paper and for the fidelity of the illustrations the writer is responsible. 
The respective authorial responsibility is indicated specifically by 
initials in the list of contents and in the principal subtitles. 
W J Mz. 
