MUNIZ—MC GEE} SUMMARY STATEMENT 138 
the accompanying description, which demonstrate the fact that in these 
localities trephining was not exclusively of the square form, but that 
other forms also were employed. 
In the environs of Lima, more than a thousand miles from Cuzco, 
I discovered crania 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 14, 15, 16, and 19, within a radius 
of 60 miles, in the province of Huarochiri, which is covered with 
pre-Columbian ruins. 
The cranium numbered 17 was discovered in Tarma, in the central 
part of Peru; cranium 11 in the important ruins of Pachacamac in the 
neighborhood of the ocean, 15 miles south of Lima. Cranium 3 was 
found in the ruins of Canete. 
Tshould observe that up to the present time no trephined crania have 
been discovered at the famous necropolis of Ancon. 
All these skulls, some taken from caves, pertain to a period at least 
two hundred years anterior to the discovery by Columbus. 
Résumé 
1. Trephining as a surgical operation was employed in pre-Columbian 
Peru in various pueblos and at divers latitudes. 
2. Different methods of operation were employed as the segments 
extracted were of different shapes—square, polygonal, circular, oval, ete. 
3. There are found crania which show that the individual succumbed 
immediately or a short time after the completion of the operation; 
others are found which indisputably prove the survival of the person 
subjected to the operation. 
4, It is almost impossible to accept for ancient Peru the idea of post- 
mortem trephining, the numerous other examples of cranial perfora- 
tion being probably of pathologic origin. 
