28 PRIMITIVE TREPHINING IN PERU (ETH. ANN. 16 
ation displayed by this specimen is precisely similar to that exemplified 
in cranium 1 of the Muniz collection; the aperture is 0.58 inch by 0.70 
inch, The Squier specimen shows (obscurely in the accompanying 
plate) the extent of the removal of the periosteum. It was examined 
by Broea, who thought this was done eight or ten days before death, and 
by Nelaton, who suggested that the subject might have survived fifteen 
days.! 
CRANIUM 2 
(Plates TV, V) 
This specimen, like the last, is finely preserved and strong, and bits of 
stout tendon remain attached. The frontal and temporo-parietal sutures 
are nearly anchylosed, though the lambdoid is distinct (showing sey- 
eral supernumeraries), indicating, on the whole, full maturity. The 
specimen shows a single operation, about which the bone is 5 or 6 mm, 
in thickness. 
The operation was located near the posterior angle of the right pari- 
etal, approaching both the sagittal and lambdoid sutures. Asin the first 
cranium, an approximately rectangular button was dissevered by means 
of two pairs of parallel incisions. The aperture is remarkably small, 
averaging 9 by 10 mm. measured on the outer surface and consider- 
ably less measured on the inner surface. The incisions are V-shape in 
section and project beyond the aperture, though much less than in the 
first specimen; the longitudinal incisions are the longer, measuring 
about 26 and 35 mm., respectively, aud show random scratches toward 
the posterior extremities; the transverse incisions are only 16 or 17 mm, 
in length, barely crossing the transverse incision on one side and pro- 
jecting but 4 or 5 mm. on the other. The incisions, like those in the 
first Specimen, show every indication of having been made by a single- 
point, tapering instrument, so constructed as to abrade on the sides 
as well as at the tip; they are much too wide and too strongly curved 
in plan and section to permit the supposition that the instrument was 
metal, and are just such as would be produced by a stone tool. The 
operation would appear to have been more skilfully performed than 
the last, since the incisions are much shorter in proportion to their 
depth, and so placed as to involve a minimum expenditure of labor 
and suffering, in view of the rude character of the instruments employed. 
Two of the incisions only appear to have penetrated the bone, and the 
rough edges of the inner table remaining indicate that an elevator was 
applied to break out the button so soon as the bone was sufficiently 
attenuated, while the superior and lateral kerfs evidently penetrated 
not only the inner table but the meninges. There is no sign of smooth- 
ing of the sharp edges of the bone after the operation, nor is there any 
trace of reparative growth to indicate survival; moreover, there is 
some local discoloration of the skull suggesting local decomposition 
before mummification. In addition, the bone, for some distance about 

' Peru, op. cit., 577. 
